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one-person household

  • 1 one-person household

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > one-person household

  • 2 one-person household

    домохозяйство, состоящее из одного лица

    Англо-русский экономический словарь > one-person household

  • 3 one person household

    * * *

    samac

    English-Croatian dictionary > one person household

  • 4 one-person household

    домохозяйство, состоящее из одного лица

    Англо-русский словарь по экономике и финансам > one-person household

  • 5 one-person household

    домохозяйство, состоящее из одного лица

    Англо-русский строительный словарь > one-person household

  • 6 one-person

    ˈone-per·son
    adj attr, inv Einpersonen-
    \one-person play Einpersonenstück nt
    * * *
    one-person adj Einpersonen…:

    English-german dictionary > one-person

  • 7 ♦ one

    ♦ one /wʌn/
    A a. num. card. e a. indef.
    1 un, uno: one million, un milione; a hundred and one, cento uno; one pound eleven, ( un tempo) una sterlina e undici scellini; ( ora) una sterlina e undici penny; forty-one, quarantuno; one in ten, uno su dieci; one day only, soltanto un giorno; One is my lucky number, l'uno è il mio numero fortunato; I'll stay one night, mi fermo per una notte; a one-metre rise in sea level, un aumento del livello del mare di un metro; To read a foreign language is one thing; to speak it is another, leggere una lingua straniera è una cosa; parlarla, un'altra; from one end of the street to the other, da un capo all'altro della strada; Only one soldier out of a hundred is a graduate, solo un soldato su cento è laureato
    2 solo; unico; stesso: I have one friend here, ho un solo amico qui; We all gave one answer, demmo tutti la stessa risposta; That's the one way to do it, questo è l'unico modo di farlo; No one man could do it, nessuno potrebbe farlo da solo
    3 ( talora) primo: «Iliad», book one, l'«Iliade», libro primo
    B n.
    1 uno; numero uno: Write down a one, scrivi un uno!; Half of two is one, uno è la metà di due
    2 un anno ( di età): His son is one, suo figlio ha un anno; a one-year-old, un bambino (o una bambina) di un anno
    3 l'una ( ora): at one o'clock, all'una; half ( past) one, l'una e mezza
    4 (fam. ingl.) bel tipo; birbante; birbantello, birba; bricconcello: Oh, you are a one!, sei proprio un bel tipo!; va là che la sai lunga!
    5 (filos.) – the One, l'Uno; il Principio Primo; l'Assoluto
    C pron. indef.
    1 uno, una; un certo, una certa: One came running, uno è venuto correndo; one of these days, uno di questi giorni; un giorno o l'altro; one of the richest women in Italy, una delle donne più ricche d'Italia; I bought the house from one Mr Jones, comprai la casa da un certo (signor) Jones
    2 (costruzione impers.) uno; si: One has to do one's best, si deve fare del proprio meglio NOTA D'USO: - you o one?-
    D pron. dimostr.
    1 quello, quella: I don't want the black pencil; I want the red one, non voglio la matita nera; voglio quella rossa; I prefer large ones, preferisco quelli grandi
    2 (idiom.) this one or that one, questo o quello; Which one do you prefer?, quale ( di questi, di quelli) preferisci?; I don't want these; I'd like the ones over there, non voglio questi; vorrei quelli laggiù; His father was a doctor and he wants to be one too, suo padre era medico e anche lui vuole diventarlo; He worked like one possessed, lavorava come un ossesso
    ● the one about, quella ( la barzelletta) di (o su): Have you heard the one about the parrot and the cat?, la sai quella del pappagallo e del gatto? □ (relig.) the One above (o the Holy One), l'Essere Supremo; Dio □ one after another, l'uno dopo l'altro □ ( sport) one all, ( calcio, ecc.) uno a uno; ( tennis) uno pari □ one and all, tutti; tutti quanti □ (enfat.) one and the same, identico; uguale; medesimo □ one another (pron. recipr.), l'un l'altro; tra di noi (o voi, loro); reciprocamente: Love one another, amatevi (l'un l'altro) NOTA D'USO: - each other o one another?- □ one-armed, monco; con un braccio solo □ (fig. fam.) one-armed bandit, macchina mangiasoldi; slot machine □ (fam. USA) one bagger = one-base hit ► sotto □ ( baseball) one-base hit, battuta che consente di raggiungere la prima base □ one by one, a uno a uno; uno per uno; uno alla volta □ (naut., tur.) one-class liner, piroscafo a classe unica □ ( ciclismo) one-day race, corsa in linea; gara in linea □ one-dimensional, (mat.) unidimensionale; (fig.) noioso, tedioso □ (mat.) one-dimensionality, unidimensionalità □ one-directional, unidirezionale □ to be one down, avere fatto un punto in meno; (fig.) essere in (posizione di) svantaggio; ( sport) essere sotto (o in svantaggio) di un gol (di un canestro, ecc.) □ one-eyed, che ha un occhio solo, guercio, monocolo; (fig.) parziale, prevenuto, miope (fig.) □ ( pallavolo) one-foot takeoff, stacco su un piede solo □ ( calcio, ecc.) one-footed player, giocatore ‘unipiede’ ( che usa solo il destro o il sinistro) □ one-hand, eseguito con una mano sola: ( pallavolo) one-hand dig, recupero con una mano sola; ( basket, ecc.) one-hand pass, passaggio con una mano; one-hand shot, tiro con una mano sola □ one-handed, che ha una mano sola, monco; eseguito con una mano sola: one-horse, tirato da un solo cavallo, a un cavallo; (fig.) antiquato, piccolo, provinciale; (fig., scherz.) male in arnese: a one-horse sleigh, una slitta trainata da un solo cavallo; a one-horse town, un piccolo paese insignificante □ a one-horse race, una corsa (un'elezione politica, ecc.) che ha già il vincitore; una gara già vinta in partenza □ (mat.) one hundred, cento; 100 □ ( atletica) the 110-metre hurdles, i centodieci a ostacoli □ ( nuoto) the 100-metre backstroke, i cento (metri) dorso □ ( atletica) the 100-metre dash, i cento metri; i cento □ ( atletica) 100-metre runner, centometrista; centista □ ( nuoto) 100-metre swimmer ( freestyle), centometrista; centista (stile libero) □ one-idea'd (o one-idead), fissato in un'idea; che ha una sola idea fissa in testa □ (fam.) one in the eye, delusione; smacco; scorno □ one in a million, (mat., stat.) uno su un milione; (fig.) (agg.) unico, eccezionale □ one-legged, che ha una gamba sola; mutilato d'una gamba; (fig.) difettoso, zoppicante □ ( USA) one-liner, battuta di spirito; spiritosaggine; freddura □ ( tennis) one love, uno a zero □ one-man, individuale, di un singolo, fatto da un solo uomo: (leg., fin.) one-man business (o company), azienda (o ditta) individuale; società autocratica (o unipersonale); one-man job, lavoro fatto da un uomo solo □ one-man band, suonatore ambulante che suona vari strumenti che porta addosso; (fig.) attività svolta per conto proprio, da solo □ one-man show, ( arte) (mostra) personale; (mus.) recital; (fig.) attività svolta per conto proprio, da solo □ (polit.) one man, one vote, ogni cittadino, un voto; il suffragio universale □ ( atletica) the one-mile run, il miglio □ a one-minute silence, un minuto di silenzio (o di raccoglimento) □ one-night stand, (teatr.) serata unica; (fam.) avventura (amorosa) di una notte sola; notte d'amore (fam.) □ one of a kind, unico □ one-off, (agg.) fatto in esemplare unico; unico, straordinario; (sost.) caso del tutto unico, risultato atipico; pezzo unico, modello esclusivo; artista (attore, giocatore, ecc.) straordinario, unico al mondo: a one-off performance, una rappresentazione (o esecuzione) straordinaria □ a one-off job, un lavoro su commissione □ (econ.) one-off production, produzione singola (o su commessa) □ (fam. USA) one-on-one, a confronto diretto, faccia a faccia, a tu per tu, a quattr'occhi □ ( sport) one-on-one defence, difesa a uomo □ one or two, uno o due; ( per estens.) pochi, pochissimi □ (demogr.) one-parent family, famiglia monoparentale □ (demogr.) one-person household, famiglia mononucleare; famiglia composta da una persona sola □ ( sport) a one-piece suit, una tuta monopezzo □ a one-piece swimsuit, un (costume da bagno) monopezzo □ (market.) one-price, a prezzo unico □ «One price» ( cartello), «Prezzi fissi» □ (fam. USA) one-shot = one-off ► sopra □ one-sided, unilaterale; (fig.) parziale; ineguale, impari: (stat.) one-sided test, test unilaterale; one-sided judgement, giudizio parziale; ( sport) one-sided match, incontro impari (o sbilanciato) □ one-sidedness, unilateralità; (fig.) parzialità; inegualità, l'essere impari □ (market.) one size ( fits all), misura unica ( di guanti di lana, ecc.) □ (tur.: di un albergo) one-star, a una stella □ (mus.) one-step, one-step ( ballo) □ one-stop, che fornisce beni e servizi correlati nello stesso luogo: one-stop shop, negozio o ufficio che fornisce tutto il necessario ( per un determinato scopo) □ (stat.) one-tailed test, test a una coda □ (mat.) one thousand, mille; 1000 □ (comput.) one-time password, password monouso □ (comput.) one-to-many, (relazione) uno a molti □ (mat., comput.) one to one, uno a uno; biunivocamente □ one-to-one, (mat., comput.) (relazione) uno a uno, biunivoca; (fig.) faccia a faccia, individuale: ( sport e fig.) one-to-one challenge, sfida faccia a faccia; (mat., comput.) one-to-one correspondence, corrispondenza biunivoca; a one-to-one interview, un'intervista faccia a faccia □ ( sport) one-two, ( boxe) uno-due, doppietta; ( calcio) uno-due, triangolazione; ( scherma) uno-due, finta e cavazione □ one-track, ( di ferrovia) a un solo binario; ( di un nastro magnetico) a una (sola) pista □ a one-track mind, una mente fissata in una sola idea: You have a one-track mind!, allora hai il chiodo fisso! □ (fam.) to be one up, avere fatto un punto in più; (fig.) essere in (posizione di) vantaggio; ( sport) essere sopra (o in vantaggio) di un gol (di un canestro, ecc.) □ (fam.) one-upmanship, arte di procurarsi (o di mantenere) un vantaggio sugli altri; il voler surclassare q. a tutti i costi □ (autom.) «One way» ( cartello), «senso unico» □ one-way, ( di strada e fig.) a senso unico; (elettr., comput.) unidirezionale; (stat.) a un'entrata, monovalente: a one-way street, una strada a senso unico; un senso unico; one-way admiration, ammirazione a senso unico; (comput.) one-way communication, comunicazione unidirezionale; (stat.) one-way classification, classificazione a un'entrata □ one-way media, ‘media’ semplici ( non interattivi) □ one-way mirror, vetro specchiato; finto specchio □ (trasp., USA) one-way ticket, biglietto di sola andata □ (comm. est.) one-way trade, scambio unidirezionale □ one-woman, ( di lavoro, ecc.) fatto da una donna sola; individuale □ to be all one, essere tutti uniti (o d'accordo) □ ( all) in one, tutt'insieme; al tempo stesso: He is chairman and treasurer in one, è al tempo stesso presidente e cassiere □ an all-in-one knife, un coltello multiuso ( cacciavite, cavaturaccioli, ecc.) □ to be at one, essere uniti: We are at one now, ora noi siamo uniti (o d'accordo) □ to become one, ( di oggetti, ecc.) essere unificati; ( di persone) essere uniti in matrimonio □ by ones and twos, a uno o due alla volta; alla spicciolata □ every one of you, ciascuno di voi □ for one, quanto a me (a te, ecc.); per esempio; per fare un caso; intanto: I, for one, don't believe it, quanto a me, non ci credo; Smith, for one, will not agree, Smith, per esempio, non sarà d'accordo □ for one thing, tanto per dirne una; tanto per cominciare; in primo luogo: For one thing, he drinks, tanto per dirne una, è un beone □ to go one better, offrire (o rischiare) un po' di più ( di un altro) □ (fig.) in the year one, molti anni fa □ no one, nessuno □ (fam.) never a one, nessuno; non uno □ I'm not ( the) one to do that, non sono tipo da farlo □ (fam.) You're a sly one!, sei un furbacchione, tu! □ They answered with one voice, risposero a una (sola) voce (o in coro) □ It is one too many for him, è un po' troppo (troppo difficile, ecc.) per lui □ It's all one to me what you do, qualunque cosa tu faccia, mi è indifferente □ (market.) Buy one, get one free, compri due, paghi uno.

    English-Italian dictionary > ♦ one

  • 8 household

    [ˈhaushəuld]
    family household семейное домашнее хозяйство family household частное хозяйство household pl второсортная мука, мука грубого помола household word хорошо знакомое, повседневное слово; ходячее выражение; household gods лары и пенаты; боги-хранители домашнего очага household домашнее хозяйство household полит.эк. домашнее хозяйство household домашний, семейный; household appliances бытовая техника household домашний, семейный household полит.эк. домоводство household семья, домочадцы household полит.эк. семья household word хорошо знакомое, повседневное слово; ходячее выражение; household gods лары и пенаты; боги-хранители домашнего очага institutional household групповое хозяйство joint household совместное домашнее хозяйство multiperson household семья, состоящая из нескольких человек one-person household домохозяйство, состоящее из одного лица private household домашнее хозяйство single-person household домохозяйство, состоящее из одного лица wage earner household семья, находящаяся на иждивении у работающего по найму

    English-Russian short dictionary > household

  • 9 household

    1) семья, семейная единица
    2) хаусхолд, домашнее хозяйство || домашний; относящийся к домашнему хозяйству
    3) домоводство

    Англо-русский словарь по экономике и финансам > household

  • 10 household

    1) семья, домашнее хозяйство, домоводство
    2) мн. ч. хозяйство
    •
    - individual household - institutional household - non-family household - one-person household

    Англо-русский строительный словарь > household

  • 11 head

    hed
    1. noun
    1) (the top part of the human body, containing the eyes, mouth, brain etc; the same part of an animal's body: The stone hit him on the head; He scratched his head in amazement.) cabeza
    2) (a person's mind: An idea came into my head last night.) cabeza, mente
    3) (the height or length of a head: The horse won by a head.) cabeza
    4) (the chief or most important person (of an organization, country etc): Kings and presidents are heads of state; (also adjective) a head waiter; the head office.) cabeza, jefe
    5) (anything that is like a head in shape or position: the head of a pin; The boy knocked the heads off the flowers.) cabeza
    6) (the place where a river, lake etc begins: the head of the Nile.) fuente, nacimiento
    7) (the top, or the top part, of anything: Write your address at the head of the paper; the head of the table.) cabecera, principio
    8) (the front part: He walked at the head of the procession.) a la cabeza de, al frente de
    9) (a particular ability or tolerance: He has no head for heights; She has a good head for figures.) madera; cabeza
    10) (a headmaster or headmistress: You'd better ask the Head.) director; directora
    11) ((for) one person: This dinner costs $10 a head.) por cabeza
    12) (a headland: Beachy Head.) cabo, punta
    13) (the foam on the top of a glass of beer etc.) espuma

    2. verb
    1) (to go at the front of or at the top of (something): The procession was headed by the band; Whose name headed the list?) encabezar
    2) (to be in charge of; to be the leader of: He heads a team of scientists investigating cancer.) encabezar, estar al frente de, dirigir
    3) ((often with for) to (cause to) move in a certain direction: The explorers headed south; The boys headed for home; You're heading for disaster!) dirigirse a, encaminarse hacia, ir rumbo a
    4) (to put or write something at the beginning of: His report was headed `Ways of Preventing Industrial Accidents'.) titular
    5) ((in football) to hit the ball with the head: He headed the ball into the goal.) cabecear, rematar con la cabeza
    •
    - - headed
    - header
    - heading
    - heads
    - headache
    - headband
    - head-dress
    - headfirst
    - headgear
    - headlamp
    - headland
    - headlight
    - headline
    - headlines
    - headlong
    - head louse
    - headmaster
    - head-on
    - headphones
    - headquarters
    - headrest
    - headscarf
    - headsquare
    - headstone
    - headstrong
    - headwind
    - above someone's head
    - go to someone's head
    - head off
    - head over heels
    - heads or tails?
    - keep one's head
    - lose one's head
    - make head or tail of
    - make headway
    - off one's head
    head1 n
    1. cabeza
    mind your head! ¡cuidado con la cabeza!
    2. cabecera
    3. jefe / director
    head2 vb
    1. encabezar / ir a la cabeza
    2. cabecear / dar de cabeza
    to head for... dirigirse a... / ir camino de...
    I'm heading for home me dirijo a casa / voy camino de casa
    tr[hed]
    1 (gen) cabeza; (mind) mente nombre femenino
    2 (on tape recorder, video) cabezal nombre masculino
    3 (of bed, table) cabecera
    4 (of page) principio
    5 (on beer) espuma
    6 (cape) cabo, punta
    7 (of school, company) director,-ra
    ■ four hundred head of cattle cuatrocientas reses, cuatrocientas cabezas de ganado
    9 (coin) cara
    10 (of cabbage, lettuce) cogollo; (of cauliflower) pella
    1 principal, jefe
    1 (company, list etc) encabezar
    2 (ball) rematar de cabeza, dar un cabezazo a, cabecear
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    from head to toe / from head to foot de pies a cabeza
    heads or tails? ¿cara o cruz?
    off the top of one's head sin pensárselo, así de entrada
    on your own head be it! ¡allá te las compongas!
    per head por barba, por cabeza
    ■ it cost us £12 per head nos costó doce libras por barba
    to be head over heels in love with somebody estar locamente enamorado,-a de alguien
    to be off one's head estar chiflado,-a
    to bite somebody's head off familiar echar una bronca a alguien
    to do something standing on one's head hacer algo con los ojos vendados
    to have a good head for figures tener facilidad para los números
    to have a head for heights no padecer vértigo
    to keep one's head above water mantenerse a flote
    to keep one's head mantener la calma
    to laugh one's head off reírse a carcajadas
    two heads are better than one cuatro ojos ven más que dos
    head teacher director,-ra
    head start ventaja
    head office oficina central
    head ['hɛd] vt
    1) lead: encabezar
    2) direct: dirigir
    head vi
    : dirigirse
    head adj
    main: principal
    the head office: la oficina central, la sede
    head n
    1) : cabeza f
    from head to foot: de pies a cabeza
    2) mind: mente f, cabeza f
    3) tip, top: cabeza f (de un clavo, un martillo, etc.), cabecera f (de una mesa o un río), punta f (de una flecha), flor m (de un repollo, etc.), encabezamiento m (de una carta, etc.), espuma f (de cerveza)
    4) director, leader: director m, -tora f; jefe m, -fa f; cabeza f (de una familia)
    5) : cara f (de una moneda)
    heads or tails: cara o cruz
    6) : cabeza f
    500 head of cattle: 500 cabezas de ganado
    $10 a head: $10 por cabeza
    7)
    to come to a head : llegar a un punto crítico
    adj.
    • primero, -a adj.
    • principal adj.
    n.
    • cabecera s.f.
    • cabeza s.f.
    • cabezuela s.f.
    • director s.m.
    • dirigente s.m.
    • encabezamiento s.m.
    • mayor s.m.
    • mollera s.f.
    • principal s.m.
    • testa s.f.
    head (s.o.) off (On the road, etc.)
    expr.
    • atajar v.
    • cortarle el paso expr.
    v.
    • cabecear v.
    • descabezar v.
    • dirigir v.
    • encabezar v.
    • mandar v.
    hed
    I
    1) ( Anat) cabeza f

    to stand on one's head — pararse de cabeza (AmL), hacer* el pino (Esp)

    from head to foot o toe — de pies a cabeza, de arriba (a) abajo

    he's a head taller than his brother — le lleva or le saca la cabeza a su hermano

    head over heels: she tripped and went head over heels down the steps tropezó y cayó rodando escaleras abajo; to be head over heels in love estar* locamente or perdidamente enamorado; heads up! (AmE colloq) ojo! (fam), cuidado!; on your/his (own) head be it la responsabilidad es tuya/suya; to bang one's head against a (brick) wall darse* (con) la cabeza contra la pared; to be able to do something standing on one's head poder* hacer algo con los ojos cerrados; to bite o snap somebody's head off echarle una bronca a alguien (fam); to bury one's head in the sand hacer* como el avestruz; to get one's head down (colloq) ( work hard) ponerse* a trabajar en serio; ( settle for sleep) (BrE) irse* a dormir; to go over somebody's head ( bypassing hierarchy) pasar por encima de alguien; ( exceeding comprehension): his lecture went straight over my head no entendí nada de su conferencia; to go to somebody's head subírsele a la cabeza a alguien; to have a big o swelled o (BrE) swollen head ser* un creído; he's getting a swelled o (BrE) swollen head se le están subiendo los humos a la cabeza; to have one's head in the clouds tener* la cabeza llena de pájaros; to hold one's head up o high o up high ir* con la cabeza bien alta; to keep one's head above water mantenerse* a flote; to keep one's head down ( avoid attention) mantenerse* al margen; ( work hard) no levantar la cabeza; (lit: keep head lowered) no levantar la cabeza; to knock something on the head (colloq) dar* al traste con algo; to laugh one's head off reírse* a mandíbula batiente, desternillarse de (la) risa; to scream/shout one's head off gritar a voz en cuello; to make head or tail o (AmE also) heads or tails of something entender* algo; I can't make head or tail of it para mí esto no tiene ni pies ni cabeza; to rear one's ugly head: racism/fascism reared its ugly head again volvió a aparecer el fantasma del racismo/fascismo; to stand/be head and shoulders above somebody ( be superior) darle* cien vueltas a alguien, estar* muy por encima de alguien; to stand o turn something on its head darle* la vuelta a algo, poner* algo patas arriba (fam), dar* vuelta algo (CS); to turn somebody's head: the sort of good looks that turn heads el tipo de belleza que llama la atención or que hace que la gente se vuelva a mirar; (before n) head injury — lesión f en la cabeza

    2) (mind, brain) cabeza f

    he needs his head examined — está or anda mal de la cabeza

    she has a good head for business/figures — tiene cabeza para los negocios/los números

    use your head! — usa la cabeza!, piensa un poco!

    if we put our heads together, we'll be able to think of something — si lo pensamos juntos, algo se nos ocurrirá

    it never entered my head that... — ni se me pasó por la cabeza or jamás pensé que...

    to get something into somebody's head — meterle* algo en la cabeza a alguien

    to be off one's head — (colloq) estar* chiflado (fam), estar* or andar* mal de la cabeza

    to be out of one's head — (sl) ( on drugs) estar* flipado or volado or (Col) volando or (Méx) hasta atrás (arg); ( drunk) estar* como una cuba (fam)

    to be soft o weak in the head — estar* mal de la cabeza

    to get one's head (a)round something: I can't get my head (a)round this new system no me entra este nuevo sistema; to have one's head screwed on (right o the right way) (colloq) tener* la cabeza bien puesta or sentada; to keep/lose one's head mantener*/perder* la calma; two heads are better than one — cuatro ojos ven más que dos

    3)
    a) ( of celery) cabeza f; (of nail, tack, pin) cabeza f; (of spear, arrow) punta f; ( of hammer) cabeza f, cotillo m; ( of pimple) punta f, cabeza f; ( on beer) espuma f; ( of river) cabecera f
    b) (top end - of bed, table) cabecera f; (- of page, letter) encabezamiento m; (- of procession, line) cabeza f
    4)
    a) ( chief) director, -tora m,f

    head of state/government — jefe, -fa m,f de Estado/de Gobierno

    the head of the household — el/la cabeza de familia; (before n)

    head buyer — jefe, -fa m,f de compras

    head girl/boy — (BrE Educ) alumno elegido para representar al alumnado de un colegio

    head waiter — maître m, capitán m de meseros (Méx)

    b) ( head teacher) (esp BrE) director, -tora m,f (de colegio)
    5)
    a) ( person)

    $15 per head — 15 dólares por cabeza or persona

    b) pl head ( Agr)
    6) ( crisis)

    to come to a head — hacer* crisis, llegar* a un punto crítico

    7)
    a) ( magnetic device) (Audio, Comput) cabeza f, cabezal m
    b) ( of drill) cabezal m
    c) ( cylinder head) culata f
    8) ( Geog) cabo m

    II
    1.
    1)
    a) \<\<march/procession\>\> encabezar*, ir* a la cabeza de; \<\<list\>\> encabezar*
    b) \<\<revolt\>\> acaudillar, ser* el cabecilla de; \<\<team\>\> capitanear; \<\<expedition/department\>\> dirigir*, estar* al frente de
    2) ( direct) (+ adv compl) \<\<vehicle/ship\>\> dirigir*

    which way are you headed? — ¿hacia or para dónde vas?

    3) ( in soccer) \<\<ball\>\> cabecear
    4) \<\<page/chapter\>\> encabezar*

    2.
    vi

    where are you heading? — ¿hacia or para dónde vas?

    Phrasal Verbs:
    [hed]
    1. N
    1) (=part of body) cabeza f

    • my head aches — me duele la cabeza

    • the horse won by a (short) head — el caballo ganó por una cabeza (escasa)

    • he went head first into the ditch/wall — se cayó de cabeza en la zanja/se dio de cabeza contra la pared

    • from head to foot — de pies a cabeza

    • to give a horse its head — soltar las riendas a un caballo

    to give sb his/her head — dar rienda suelta a algn

    • wine goes to my head — el vino se me sube a la cabeza

    • head of hair — cabellera f

    • to go head over heels — caer de cabeza

    • to keep one's head down — (lit) no levantar la cabeza; (=work hard) trabajar de lo lindo; (=avoid being noticed) intentar pasar desapercibido

    • to nod one's head — decir que sí or asentir con la cabeza

    • to shake one's head — decir que no or negar con la cabeza

    • he stands head and shoulders above the rest — (lit) les saca más de una cabeza a los demás; (fig) los demás no le llegan a la suela del zapato

    • to stand on one's head — hacer el pino

    • she is a head taller than her sister — le saca una cabeza a su hermana

    • from head to toe — de pies a cabeza

    • I ought to bang or knock your heads together — os voy a dar un coscorrón a los dos *

    • he turned his head and looked back at her — volvió la cabeza y la miró

    - have one's head up one's arse or ass
    - bite sb's head off
    - put or lay one's head on the block
    - get one's head down

    to go over sb's head —

    - hold one's head up high
    - laugh one's head off
    - stand or turn sth on its head
    - want sb's head on a plate
    - turn one's head the other way
    - bury or hide or stick one's head in the sand
    - scream/shout one's head off

    I can't make head nor or or tail of what he's saying — no entiendo nada de lo que dice

    - turn heads
    - keep one's head above water
    acid 3., cloud 1., hang 1., 1), knock, price 1., 1), rear, swell 3., 1), top I, 1., 11)
    2) (=intellect, mind) cabeza f

    use your head! — ¡usa la cabeza!

    it's gone right out of my head — se me ha ido de la cabeza, se me ha olvidado

    • it was above their heads — no lo entendían

    • it's better to come to it with a clear head in the morning — es mejor hacerlo por la mañana con la cabeza despejada

    • it never entered my head — ni se me pasó por la cabeza siquiera

    • you need your head examining or examined — tú estás mal de la cabeza

    • to have a head for business/figures — ser bueno para los negocios/con los números

    • I have no head for heights — tengo vértigo

    • to do a sum in one's head — hacer un cálculo mental

    • he has got it into his head that... — se le ha metido en la cabeza que...

    I wish he would get it into his thick head that... — ya me gustaría que le entrara en ese cabezón que tiene que...

    who put that (idea) into your head? — ¿quién te ha metido eso en la cabeza?

    • I can't get that tune out of my head — no puedo quitarme esa música de la cabeza

    • it was over their heads — no lo entendían

    • I'm sure if we put our heads together we can work something out — estoy seguro de que si intercambiamos ideas encontraremos una solución

    • to take it into one's head to do sth, he took it into his head to go to Australia — se le metió en la cabeza ir a Australia

    • don't worry your head about it — no te preocupes, no le des muchas vueltas

    - keep one's head
    - lose one's head
    - be/go off one's head

    you must be off your head! — ¡estás como una cabra!

    - be out of one's head
    - he's got his head screwed on
    - be soft or weak in the head
    - go soft in the head
    3) (=leader) [of firm] director(a) m / f; (esp Brit) [of school] director(a) m / f

    • head of department — (in school, firm) jefe(-a) m / f de departamento

    head of French — el jefe/la jefa del departamento de francés

    • head of (the) household — cabeza mf de familia

    • head of state — (Pol) jefe(-a) m / f de Estado

    4) (=top part) [of hammer, pin, spot] cabeza f; [of arrow, spear] punta f; [of stick, cane] puño m; [of bed, page] cabecera f; [of stairs] parte f alta; (on beer) espuma f; [of river] cabecera f, nacimiento m; [of valley] final m; [of mountain pass] cima f

    at the head of — [+ organization] a la cabeza de; [+ train] en la parte delantera de

    to sit at the head of the table — sentarse en la cabecera de la mesa, presidir la mesa

    5) (Bot) [of flower] cabeza f, flor f; [of corn] mazorca f

    • a head of celery/ garlic — una cabeza de apio/ajo

    • a head of lettuce — una lechuga

    6) (Tech) (on tape-recorder) cabezal m, cabeza f magnética; [of cylinder] culata f; (Comput) cabeza f

    reading/writing head — cabeza f de lectura/grabación

    7) (=culmination)

    • this will bring matters to a head — esto llevará las cosas a un punto crítico

    • to come to a head — [situation] alcanzar un punto crítico

    8) heads (on coin) cara f

    heads or tails? — ¿cara o cruz?, ¿águila o sol? (Mex)

    9) (no pl) (=unit)

    £15 a or per head — 15 libras por cabeza or persona

    10) (Naut) proa f

    head to wind — con la proa a barlovento or de cara al viento

    11) (Geog) cabo m
    12) (=pressure)

    head of steam — presión f de vapor

    head of water — presión f de agua

    13) (=height) [of water]
    14) (=title) titular m; (=subject heading) encabezamiento m

    this comes under the head of... — esto viene en el apartado de...

    2. VT
    1) (=be at front of) [+ procession, league, poll] encabezar, ir a la cabeza de; [+ list] encabezar
    2) (=be in charge of) [+ organization] dirigir; (Sport) [+ team] capitanear
    3) (=steer) [+ ship, car, plane] dirigir
    4) (Ftbl) [+ goal] cabecear
    5) [+ chapter] encabezar
    3.
    VI

    where are you heading or headed? — ¿hacia dónde vas?, ¿para dónde vas?

    he hitched a ride on a truck heading or headed west — hizo autostop y lo recogió un camión que iba hacia el oeste

    they were heading home/back to town — volvían a casa/a la ciudad

    4.
    CPD

    head boy N — (Brit) (Scol) ≈ delegado m de la escuela (alumno)

    head buyer N — jefe(-a) m / f de compras

    head case * N — (Brit) majara * mf, chiflado(-a) * m / f

    head cheese N — (US) queso m de cerdo, cabeza f de jabalí (Sp), carne f en gelatina

    head chef N — chef mf, jefe(-a) m / f de cocina

    head coach N — (Sport) primer(a) entrenador(a) m / f

    head cold N — resfriado m (de cabeza)

    head count N — recuento m de personas

    head gardener N — jefe(-a) m / f de jardineros

    head girl N — (Brit) (Scol) ≈ delegada f de la escuela (alumna)

    head height N — altura f de la cabeza

    • at head height — a la altura de la cabeza

    head injury N — herida f en la cabeza

    head massage N — masaje m en la cabeza

    • to give sb a head massage — masajearle la cabeza a algn, darle un masaje en la cabeza a algn

    head nurse N — enfermero(-a) m / f jefe

    head office N — sede f central

    head prefect N — (Brit) (Scol) ≈ delegado(-a) m / f de la escuela (alumno/alumna)

    head restraint N — (Aut) apoyacabezas m inv, reposacabezas m inv

    to have a head start (over or on sb) — (Sport, fig) tener ventaja (sobre algn)

    he has a head start over other candidates — tiene ventaja sobre or les lleva ventaja a otros candidatos

    head wound N — herida f en la cabeza

    * * *
    [hed]
    I
    1) ( Anat) cabeza f

    to stand on one's head — pararse de cabeza (AmL), hacer* el pino (Esp)

    from head to foot o toe — de pies a cabeza, de arriba (a) abajo

    he's a head taller than his brother — le lleva or le saca la cabeza a su hermano

    head over heels: she tripped and went head over heels down the steps tropezó y cayó rodando escaleras abajo; to be head over heels in love estar* locamente or perdidamente enamorado; heads up! (AmE colloq) ojo! (fam), cuidado!; on your/his (own) head be it la responsabilidad es tuya/suya; to bang one's head against a (brick) wall darse* (con) la cabeza contra la pared; to be able to do something standing on one's head poder* hacer algo con los ojos cerrados; to bite o snap somebody's head off echarle una bronca a alguien (fam); to bury one's head in the sand hacer* como el avestruz; to get one's head down (colloq) ( work hard) ponerse* a trabajar en serio; ( settle for sleep) (BrE) irse* a dormir; to go over somebody's head ( bypassing hierarchy) pasar por encima de alguien; ( exceeding comprehension): his lecture went straight over my head no entendí nada de su conferencia; to go to somebody's head subírsele a la cabeza a alguien; to have a big o swelled o (BrE) swollen head ser* un creído; he's getting a swelled o (BrE) swollen head se le están subiendo los humos a la cabeza; to have one's head in the clouds tener* la cabeza llena de pájaros; to hold one's head up o high o up high ir* con la cabeza bien alta; to keep one's head above water mantenerse* a flote; to keep one's head down ( avoid attention) mantenerse* al margen; ( work hard) no levantar la cabeza; (lit: keep head lowered) no levantar la cabeza; to knock something on the head (colloq) dar* al traste con algo; to laugh one's head off reírse* a mandíbula batiente, desternillarse de (la) risa; to scream/shout one's head off gritar a voz en cuello; to make head or tail o (AmE also) heads or tails of something entender* algo; I can't make head or tail of it para mí esto no tiene ni pies ni cabeza; to rear one's ugly head: racism/fascism reared its ugly head again volvió a aparecer el fantasma del racismo/fascismo; to stand/be head and shoulders above somebody ( be superior) darle* cien vueltas a alguien, estar* muy por encima de alguien; to stand o turn something on its head darle* la vuelta a algo, poner* algo patas arriba (fam), dar* vuelta algo (CS); to turn somebody's head: the sort of good looks that turn heads el tipo de belleza que llama la atención or que hace que la gente se vuelva a mirar; (before n) head injury — lesión f en la cabeza

    2) (mind, brain) cabeza f

    he needs his head examined — está or anda mal de la cabeza

    she has a good head for business/figures — tiene cabeza para los negocios/los números

    use your head! — usa la cabeza!, piensa un poco!

    if we put our heads together, we'll be able to think of something — si lo pensamos juntos, algo se nos ocurrirá

    it never entered my head that... — ni se me pasó por la cabeza or jamás pensé que...

    to get something into somebody's head — meterle* algo en la cabeza a alguien

    to be off one's head — (colloq) estar* chiflado (fam), estar* or andar* mal de la cabeza

    to be out of one's head — (sl) ( on drugs) estar* flipado or volado or (Col) volando or (Méx) hasta atrás (arg); ( drunk) estar* como una cuba (fam)

    to be soft o weak in the head — estar* mal de la cabeza

    to get one's head (a)round something: I can't get my head (a)round this new system no me entra este nuevo sistema; to have one's head screwed on (right o the right way) (colloq) tener* la cabeza bien puesta or sentada; to keep/lose one's head mantener*/perder* la calma; two heads are better than one — cuatro ojos ven más que dos

    3)
    a) ( of celery) cabeza f; (of nail, tack, pin) cabeza f; (of spear, arrow) punta f; ( of hammer) cabeza f, cotillo m; ( of pimple) punta f, cabeza f; ( on beer) espuma f; ( of river) cabecera f
    b) (top end - of bed, table) cabecera f; (- of page, letter) encabezamiento m; (- of procession, line) cabeza f
    4)
    a) ( chief) director, -tora m,f

    head of state/government — jefe, -fa m,f de Estado/de Gobierno

    the head of the household — el/la cabeza de familia; (before n)

    head buyer — jefe, -fa m,f de compras

    head girl/boy — (BrE Educ) alumno elegido para representar al alumnado de un colegio

    head waiter — maître m, capitán m de meseros (Méx)

    b) ( head teacher) (esp BrE) director, -tora m,f (de colegio)
    5)
    a) ( person)

    $15 per head — 15 dólares por cabeza or persona

    b) pl head ( Agr)
    6) ( crisis)

    to come to a head — hacer* crisis, llegar* a un punto crítico

    7)
    a) ( magnetic device) (Audio, Comput) cabeza f, cabezal m
    b) ( of drill) cabezal m
    c) ( cylinder head) culata f
    8) ( Geog) cabo m

    II
    1.
    1)
    a) \<\<march/procession\>\> encabezar*, ir* a la cabeza de; \<\<list\>\> encabezar*
    b) \<\<revolt\>\> acaudillar, ser* el cabecilla de; \<\<team\>\> capitanear; \<\<expedition/department\>\> dirigir*, estar* al frente de
    2) ( direct) (+ adv compl) \<\<vehicle/ship\>\> dirigir*

    which way are you headed? — ¿hacia or para dónde vas?

    3) ( in soccer) \<\<ball\>\> cabecear
    4) \<\<page/chapter\>\> encabezar*

    2.
    vi

    where are you heading? — ¿hacia or para dónde vas?

    Phrasal Verbs:

    English-spanish dictionary > head

  • 12 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 13 house-to-house sampling

    1) марк. домашний сэмплинг, рассылка по домам образцов продукции (рассылка образцов продукции для ознакомления с ней потребителей и стимулирования, таким образом, сбыта)
    2) марк., соц. выборочное обследование населения на дому

    The survey of the working age population (18-64 years) involved house-to-house sampling where only one person per household was interviewed. — Исследование населения трудоспособного возраста (18-64 года) включало выборочное обследование на дому, во время которого брали интервью только у одного человека в семье.

    See:
    * * *

    Англо-русский экономический словарь > house-to-house sampling

  • 14 master

    1. feminine - mistress; noun
    1) (a person or thing that commands or controls: I'm master in this house!) señor, dueño; señora, dueña
    2) (an owner (of a slave, dog etc): The dog ran to its master.) amo, ama
    3) (a male teacher: the Maths master.) maestro, profesor; maestra, profesora
    4) (the commander of a merchant ship: the ship's master.) capitán, patrón; capitana, patrona
    5) (a person very skilled in an art, science etc: He's a real master at painting.) maestro, maestra
    6) ((with capital) a polite title for a boy, in writing or in speaking: Master John Smith.) señor; señora

    2. adjective
    ((of a person in a job) fully qualified, skilled and experienced: a master builder/mariner/plumber.) maestro, experto

    3. verb
    1) (to overcome (an opponent, handicap etc): She has mastered her fear of heights.) superar, vencer, dominar
    2) (to become skilful in: I don't think I'll ever master arithmetic.) dominar, ser experto en
    •
    - masterfully
    - masterfulness
    - masterly
    - masterliness
    - mastery
    - master key
    - mastermind
    4. verb
    (to plan (such a scheme): Who masterminded the robbery?) planear, dirigir
    - master stroke
    - master switch
    - master of ceremonies
    master1 n
    1. señor / amo / dueño
    2. maestro / profesor
    master2 vb dominar

    Multiple Entries: master     máster
    máster /'master/ sustantivo masculino (pl
    ◊ - ters)
    1 (Audio, Vídeo) master 2 (Educ) master's degree
    máster sustantivo masculino master's degree ' máster' also found in these entries: Spanish: ama - amo - dominar - jefa - jefe - maestra - maestro - capitán - llave English: destiny - hard - MA - master - master copy - master key - master plan - master's degree - MBA - MPhil - MSc - gang - head - MC - MS - school - station
    tr['mɑːstəSMALLr/SMALL]
    1 (of slave, servant, dog) amo; (of household) señor nombre masculino; (owner) dueño
    2 SMALLMARITIME/SMALL (of ship) capitán nombre masculino; (of fishing boat) patrón nombre masculino
    3 SMALLBRITISH ENGLISH/SMALL (teacher - infant school) maestro, profesor nombre masculino; (- secondary) profesor nombre masculino
    4 (expert, artist, musician, etc) maestro
    5 (original copy of film, tape, etc) original nombre masculino
    1 (expert, skilled) maestro,-a, experto,-a
    1 (original) original
    1 (overall, complete) total, general, global
    1 (main, principal) principal, maestro,-a
    1 (control) dominar; (overcome) superar, vencer
    1 (learn - subject, skill) llegar a dominar; (- craft) llegar a ser experto,-a en
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    to be master of a situation ser dueño de una situación
    to be master of one's own fate decidir su propio destino
    to meet one's master ser vencido,-a
    master bedroom dormitorio principal
    master of ceremonies maestro de ceremonias
    master plan proyecto maestro
    master race (nazi) raza superior
    master's degree licenciatura con tesina, master nombre masculino
    master switch interruptor nombre masculino central
    master ['mæstər] vt
    1) subdue: dominar
    2) : llegar a dominar
    she mastered French: llegó a dominar el francés
    1) teacher: maestro m, profesor m
    2) expert: experto m, -ta f; maestro m, -tra f
    3) : amo m (de animales o esclavos), señor m (de la casa)
    4)
    master's degree : maestría f
    adj.
    • amo, -a adj.
    • maestro, -a adj.
    • magistral adj.
    • principal adj.
    n.
    • amo s.m.
    • capitán s.m.
    • director s.m.
    • dueño s.m.
    • maestro s.m.
    • profesor s.m.
    • señor s.m.
    • señorito s.m.
    v.
    • amaestrar v.
    • domar v.
    • domeñar v.
    • dominar v.
    • poseer v.
    • saber v.
    (§pres: sé, sabes...) subj: sep-
    pret: sup-
    fut/c: sabr-•)
    • señorear v.
    • vencer v.

    I 'mæstər, 'mɑːstə(r)
    1) ( of household) señor m, amo m; ( of animal) amo m, dueño m; ( of servant) amo m, patrón m

    to be one's own master — no tener* que darle cuentas a nadie

    2) ( expert)

    master OF something — maestro, -tra m,f de algo, experto, -ta m,f en algo

    to be a past master of something — ser* un maestro consumado en algo

    3) ( Educ)
    a) ( degree)

    master's (degree) — master m, maestría f

    Master of Arts/Science — poseedor de una maestría en Humanidades/Ciencias

    b) (BrE) ( in secondary school) profesor m
    4) ( Naut) capitán m
    6) ( for copies) (Audio, Comput, Print) original m

    II
    transitive verb \<\<technique/subject\>\> llegar* a dominar

    III
    adjective (before n, no comp)
    a) ( expert)

    master baker/builder — maestro m panadero/de obras

    b) ( main) <switch/key> maestro

    master bedroom — dormitorio m principal

    c) ( original) < tape> original, matriz

    master plan — plan m general

    ['mɑːstǝ(r)]
    1. N
    1) [of the house] señor m, amo m ; [of dog, servant] amo m ; (in address) señor m
    - meet one's master
    - serve two masters
    2) (Naut) [of ship] capitán m
    3) (=musician, painter etc) maestro m ; old 3.
    4) (=expert) experto(-a) m / f
    past
    5) † (=teacher) (primary) maestro m ; (secondary) profesor m
    6) (Univ)

    Master of Arts/Science — (=qualification) master m en letras/ciencias; (=person) persona que posee un master en letras/ciencias

    See:
    2.
    VT [+ subject, situation, technique] dominar
    3.
    CPD

    master baker N — maestro m panadero

    master bedroom N — dormitorio m principal

    master builder N — maestro m de obras

    master card N — carta f maestra

    master class N — clase f magistral

    master disk N — disco m maestro

    master file N — fichero m maestro

    master key N — llave f maestra

    master mason N — albañil mf maestro(-a)

    master of ceremonies N — maestro m de ceremonias; [of show] presentador m, animador m

    Master of the Rolls N — (Brit) juez mf del tribunal de apelación

    master plan N — plan m maestro, plan m rector

    master sergeant N — (US) sargento mf mayor

    master spy N — jefe mf de espías, controlador(a) m / f de espías

    master switch N — interruptor m general

    master tape N — máster m, cinta f maestra

    * * *

    I ['mæstər, 'mɑːstə(r)]
    1) ( of household) señor m, amo m; ( of animal) amo m, dueño m; ( of servant) amo m, patrón m

    to be one's own master — no tener* que darle cuentas a nadie

    2) ( expert)

    master OF something — maestro, -tra m,f de algo, experto, -ta m,f en algo

    to be a past master of something — ser* un maestro consumado en algo

    3) ( Educ)
    a) ( degree)

    master's (degree) — master m, maestría f

    Master of Arts/Science — poseedor de una maestría en Humanidades/Ciencias

    b) (BrE) ( in secondary school) profesor m
    4) ( Naut) capitán m
    6) ( for copies) (Audio, Comput, Print) original m

    II
    transitive verb \<\<technique/subject\>\> llegar* a dominar

    III
    adjective (before n, no comp)
    a) ( expert)

    master baker/builder — maestro m panadero/de obras

    b) ( main) <switch/key> maestro

    master bedroom — dormitorio m principal

    c) ( original) < tape> original, matriz

    master plan — plan m general

    English-spanish dictionary > master

  • 15 guard

    1. noun
    1) (Mil.): (guardsman) Wachtposten, der
    2) no pl. (Mil.): (group of soldiers) Wache, die; Wachmannschaft, die

    guard of honour — Ehrenwache, die; Ehrengarde, die

    3)

    Guards — (Brit. Mil.): (household troops) Garderegiment, das; Garde, die

    4) (watch; also Mil.) Wache, die

    keep or stand guard — Wache halten od. stehen

    keep or stand guard over — bewachen

    be on [one's] guard [against somebody/something] — (lit. or fig.) sich [vor jemandem/etwas] hüten

    be off [one's] guard — (fig.) nicht auf der Hut sein

    be caught or taken off guard or off one's guard [by something] — (fig.) [von etwas] überrascht werden

    put somebody on [his/her] guard — jemanden misstrauisch machen

    be [kept/held] under guard — unter Bewachung stehen

    keep or hold/put under guard — bewachen/unter Bewachung stellen

    5) (Brit. Railw.) [Zug]schaffner, der/-schaffnerin, die
    6) (Amer.): (prison warder) [Gefängnis]wärter, der/-wärterin, die
    7) (safety device) Schutz, der; Schutzvorrichtung, die; (worn on body) Schutz, der
    8) (posture) (Boxing, Fencing) Deckung, die

    drop or lower one's guard — die Deckung fallen lassen; (fig.) seine Reserve aufgeben

    2. transitive verb
    (watch over) bewachen; (keep safe) hüten [Geheimnis, Schatz]; schützen [Leben]; beschützen [Prominenten]
    Phrasal Verbs:
    - academic.ru/87612/guard_against">guard against
    * * *
    1. verb
    1) (to protect from danger or attack: The soldiers were guarding the king/palace.) bewachen
    2) (to prevent (a person) escaping, (something) happening: The soldiers guarded their prisoners; to guard against mistakes.) bewachen, sich hüten
    2. noun
    1) (someone who or something which protects: a guard round the king; a guard in front of the fire.) die Wache
    2) (someone whose job is to prevent (a person) escaping: There was a guard with the prisoner every hour of the day.) der Wächter
    3) ((American conductor) a person in charge of a train.) der Schaffner
    4) (the act or duty of guarding.) die Bewachung
    •
    - guarded
    - guardedly
    - guard of honour
    - keep guard on
    - keep guard
    - off guard
    - on guard
    - stand guard
    * * *
    [gɑ:d, AM gɑ:rd]
    I. n
    1. (person) Wache f; (sentry) Wachposten m
    border \guard Grenzsoldat(in) m(f), Grenzposten m
    gate \guard Wachposten m
    prison \guard AM Gefängniswärter(in) m(f), Gefängnisaufseher(in) m(f)
    security \guard Sicherheitsbeamte(r), -beamtin m, f; (man also) Wachmann m
    to be on [or keep] [or stand] \guard Wache halten [o stehen]
    to be under \guard unter Bewachung stehen, bewacht werden
    to keep \guard over sth/sb etw/jdn bewachen
    to post \guards Wachen aufstellen
    2. (defensive stance) Deckung f
    to be on one's \guard [against sth/sb] ( fig) [vor etw/jdm] auf der Hut sein, sich akk [vor etw/jdm] in Acht nehmen
    to be caught off one's \guard SPORT [von einem Schlag] unvorbereitet getroffen werden; ( fig) auf etw akk nicht vorbereitet [o gefasst] sein
    to drop [or lower] one's \guard SPORT seine Deckung vernachlässigen; ( fig) nicht [mehr] wachsam [o vorsichtig] [genug] sein
    to get in under sb's \guard SPORT jds Deckung durchbrechen; ( fig) jds Verteidigung außer Gefecht setzen; (get through to sb) jds Panzer durchdringen
    to let one's \guard slip SPORT seine Deckung fallenlassen; ( fig) alle Vorsicht außer Acht lassen
    3. (protective device) Schutz m, Schutzvorrichtung f
    face\guard Gesichtsschutz m
    fire\guard Kamingitter nt, Cheminéegitter nt SCHWEIZ, Schutzgitter nt
    4. BRIT (railway official) Zugbegleiter(in) m(f)
    chief \guard Zugführer(in) m(f)
    5. BRIT MIL (army regiment)
    ▪ the G\guards pl das Garderegiment, die Garde
    the Grenadier G\guards die Grenadiergarde
    II. vt
    ▪ to \guard sth/sb etw/jdn bewachen
    heavily \guarded scharf bewacht; (protect)
    ▪ to \guard sth/sb against sth/sb etw/jdn vor etw/jdm [be]schützen
    2. (keep secret)
    ▪ to \guard sth etw für sich akk behalten, etw nicht preisgeben
    a jealously [or closely] \guarded secret ein sorgsam gehütetes Geheimnis
    III. vi
    ▪ to \guard against sth sich akk vor etw dat schützen
    the best way to \guard against financial problems is to avoid getting into debt man schützt sich am besten vor finanziellen Problemen, indem man Schulden vermeidet
    * * *
    [gAːd]
    1. n
    1) (MIL) Wache f; (= single soldier) Wachtposten m, Wache f; (no pl = squad) Wachmannschaft f

    the Guards (Brit) — die Garde, das Garderegiment

    2) (= security guard) Sicherheitsbeamte(r) m/-beamtin f; (at factory gates, in park etc) Wächter(in) m(f); (esp US = prison guard) Gefängniswärter(in) m(f); (Brit RAIL) Schaffner(in) m(f), Zugbegleiter(in) m(f)
    3) (= watch ALSO MIL) Wache f

    to be under guard — bewacht werden; (person also) unter Bewachung or Aufsicht stehen

    to keep sb/sth under guard — jdn/etw bewachen

    to be on guard, to stand or keep guard — Wache halten or stehen

    to put a guard on sb/sth — jdn/etw bewachen lassen

    4) (BOXING, FENCING) Deckung f

    on guard! (Fencing) — en garde!

    to take guard — in Verteidigungsstellung gehen; (Cricket) in Schlagstellung gehen

    to drop or lower one's guard (lit) — seine Deckung vernachlässigen; (fig) seine Reserve aufgeben

    to have one's guard down (lit) — nicht gedeckt sein; (fig) nicht auf der Hut sein

    he caught his opponent off ( his) guard — er hat seinen Gegner mit einem Schlag erwischt, auf den er nicht vorbereitet or gefasst war

    the invitation caught me off guard —

    I was off ( my) guard when he mentioned that — ich war nicht darauf gefasst or vorbereitet, dass er das erwähnen würde

    to be on/off one's guard (against sth) (fig) ( — vor etw dat ) auf der/nicht auf der Hut sein

    to throw or put sb off his guard (lit) — jdn seine Deckung vernachlässigen lassen; (fig) jdn einlullen

    5) (= safety device, for protection) Schutz m (against gegen); (on machinery) Schutz(vorrichtung f) m; (= fire guard) Schutzgitter nt; (on foil) Glocke f; (on sword etc) Korb m
    6) (in basketball) Verteidigungsspieler(in) m(f)
    2. vt
    prisoner, place, valuables bewachen; treasure, secret, tongue hüten; machinery beaufsichtigen; luggage aufpassen auf (+acc); (= protect) (lit) person, place schützen (from, against vor +dat), abschirmen (from, against gegen); one's life schützen; one's reputation achten auf (+acc); (fig) child etc behüten, beschützen (from, against vor +dat)

    a closely guarded secret — ein gut or streng gehütetes Geheimnis

    * * *
    guard [ɡɑː(r)d]
    A v/t
    1. a) bewachen, wachen über (akk)
    b) behüten, beschützen ( beide:
    against, from vor dat):
    a carefully (closely) guarded secret ein sorgfältig (streng) gehütetes Geheimnis
    2. bewachen, beaufsichtigen
    3. sichern ( against gegen Missbrauch etc):
    guard sb’s interests jemandes Interessen wahren oder wahrnehmen
    4. beherrschen, im Zaum halten:
    guard your tongue! hüte deine Zunge!
    5. TECH (ab)sichern
    B v/i (against)
    a) auf der Hut sein, sich hüten oder schützen, sich in Acht nehmen (vor dat)
    b) Vorkehrungen treffen (gegen), vorbeugen (dat)
    C s
    1. a) MIL etc Wache f, (Wach)Posten m
    b) Wächter(in)
    c) Aufseher(in), Wärter(in)
    2. MIL Wachmannschaft f, Wache f
    3. Wache f, Bewachung f, Aufsicht f:
    be on guard Wache stehen;
    keep under close guard scharf bewachen;
    keep guard over sth etwas bewachen;
    be under heavy guard schwer bewacht werden;
    mount (keep, stand) guard MIL etc Wache beziehen (halten, stehen)
    4. fig Wachsamkeit f:
    put sb on their guard jemanden warnen;
    be on one’s guard auf der Hut sein, sich vorsehen ( beide:
    against vor dat);
    be off one’s guard nicht auf der Hut sein, unvorsichtig sein;
    throw sb off their guard jemanden überrumpeln; → fair1 B 9
    5. Garde f, (Leib)Wache f:
    guard of hono(u)r Ehrenwache
    6. Guards pl Br Garde(korps) f(n), -regiment n, (die) Wache
    7. BAHN
    a) Br Schaffner(in):
    guard’s van Dienstwagen m
    b) US Bahnwärter(in)
    8. Boxen, Fechten etc: Deckung f:
    lower one’s guard
    a) die Deckung herunternehmen,
    b) fig sich eine Blöße geben, nicht aufpassen;
    his guard is up (down) fig er ist (nicht) auf der Hut
    9. Basketball: Abwehrspieler(in)
    10. Schutzvorrichtung f, -gitter n, -blech n
    11. Buchbinderei: Falz m
    12. a) Stichblatt n (am Degen)
    b) Bügel m (am Gewehr)
    13. Vorsichtsmaßnahme f, Sicherung f
    * * *
    1. noun
    1) (Mil.): (guardsman) Wachtposten, der
    2) no pl. (Mil.): (group of soldiers) Wache, die; Wachmannschaft, die

    guard of honour — Ehrenwache, die; Ehrengarde, die

    3)

    Guards — (Brit. Mil.): (household troops) Garderegiment, das; Garde, die

    4) (watch; also Mil.) Wache, die

    keep or stand guard — Wache halten od. stehen

    keep or stand guard over — bewachen

    be on [one's] guard [against somebody/something] — (lit. or fig.) sich [vor jemandem/etwas] hüten

    be off [one's] guard — (fig.) nicht auf der Hut sein

    be caught or taken off guard or off one's guard [by something] — (fig.) [von etwas] überrascht werden

    put somebody on [his/her] guard — jemanden misstrauisch machen

    be [kept/held] under guard — unter Bewachung stehen

    keep or hold/put under guard — bewachen/unter Bewachung stellen

    5) (Brit. Railw.) [Zug]schaffner, der/-schaffnerin, die
    6) (Amer.): (prison warder) [Gefängnis]wärter, der/-wärterin, die
    7) (safety device) Schutz, der; Schutzvorrichtung, die; (worn on body) Schutz, der
    8) (posture) (Boxing, Fencing) Deckung, die

    drop or lower one's guard — die Deckung fallen lassen; (fig.) seine Reserve aufgeben

    2. transitive verb
    (watch over) bewachen; (keep safe) hüten [Geheimnis, Schatz]; schützen [Leben]; beschützen [Prominenten]
    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    (train) n.
    Schaffner m. n.
    Schutz m.
    Schützer - m.
    Wache -n f.
    Wächter - m.
    Wärter - m. (against, from) v.
    bewachen (vor) v. v.
    bewachen v.
    schützen v.

    English-german dictionary > guard

  • 16 house

    1.
    plural - houses; noun
    1) (a building in which people, especially a single family, live: Houses have been built on the outskirts of the town for the workers in the new industrial estate.) casa
    2) (a place or building used for a particular purpose: a hen-house; a public house.) casa
    3) (a theatre, or the audience in a theatre: There was a full house for the first night of the play.) sala
    4) (a family, usually important or noble, including its ancestors and descendants: the house of David.) casa

    2.
    verb
    1) (to provide with a house, accommodation or shelter: All these people will have to be housed; The animals are housed in the barn.) alojar
    2) (to store or keep somewhere: The electric generator is housed in the garage.) guardar
    •
    - housing benefit
    - house agent
    - house arrest
    - houseboat
    - housebreaker
    - housebreaking
    - house-fly
    - household
    - householder
    - household word
    - housekeeper
    - housekeeping
    - houseman
    - housetrain
    - house-warming
    3. adjective
    a house-warming party.) de inauguración
    - housework
    - like a house on fire
    house n casa
    tr[ (n) haʊs; (vb) haʊz]
    1 (gen) casa; (official use) domicilio
    2 SMALLPOLITICS/SMALL cámara
    3 SMALLTHEATRE/SMALL sala
    4 (company) empresa, casa
    1 (gen) alojar, albergar; (supply housing) proveer de vivienda
    2 (store) guardar, almacenar; (fit) dar cabida a
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    'House full' "Agotadas las localidades"
    to bring the house down ser un exitazo
    to get on with somebody like a house on fire familiar llevarse de maravilla con alguien
    to keep house for somebody llevar la casa a alguien
    to move house mudarse de casa, trasladarse
    house arrest SMALLLAW/SMALL arresto domiciliario
    house of cards castillo de naipes
    House of Commons Cámara de los Comunes
    House of Lords Cámara de los Lores
    House of Representatives SMALLAMERICAN ENGLISH/SMALL Cámara de Representantes
    house plant planta de interior
    house ['haʊz] vt, housed ; housing : albergar, alojar, hospedar
    house ['haʊs] n, pl houses ['haʊzəz, -səz]
    1) home: casa f
    2) : cámara f (del gobierno)
    3) business: casa f, empresa f
    n.
    • cámara (Gobierno) s.f.
    adj.
    • doméstico, -a adj.
    n.
    • casa s.f.
    • edificio s.m.
    • habitación s.f.
    • morada s.f.
    v.
    • almacenar v.
    • alojar v.
    • domiciliar v.
    • encajar v.

    I haʊs
    noun (pl houses 'haʊzəz)
    1)
    a) (dwelling, household) casa f

    as safe as houses — (BrE) totalmente seguro

    to clean house — (AmE) ( restore order) poner* la casa en orden; (lit: spring-clean) hacer* (una) limpieza general

    to get along like a house afire o (BrE) on fire (colloq) — hacer* buenas migas, llevarse muy bien

    to keep open house — tener* la puerta siempre abierta

    to put one's (own) house in order — poner* sus (or mis etc) asuntos en orden, ordenar sus (or mis etc) asuntos

    to set up house — poner* casa; (before n)

    b) ( dynasty) casa f, familia f
    2) ( Govt) Cámara f

    the House of Representatives — ( in US) la Cámara de Representantes or de Diputados

    the House of Commons/of Lords — ( in UK) la Cámara de los Comunes/de los Lores

    the Houses of Parliament — ( in UK) el Parlamento

    3) ( Busn) casa f, empresa f

    drinks are on the house — invita la casa; (before n)

    house wine — vino m de la casa

    4) ( Theat)
    a) ( auditorium) sala f
    b) ( audience) público m
    c) ( performance) función f

    II haʊz
    a) ( accommodate) \<\<person/family\>\> alojar, darle* alojamiento a
    b) ( contain) \<\<office/museum\>\> albergar*
    c) ( store) almacenar

    III haʊs
    interjection (BrE) cartón! (AmL), bingo! (Esp)
    1. [haʊs]
    N (pl houses) [ˌ'haʊzɪz]
    1) (=building) casa f

    the party's at my/John's house — la fiesta es en mi casa/en casa de John

    • are you handy around the house? — ¿eres un manitas para la casa?

    • house of cards — castillo m de naipes

    • the house of God — la casa del Señor

    • to move house — mudarse (de casa)

    • to keep open house — tener la puerta siempre abierta, recibir a todo el mundo

    - get on like a house on fire
    coffee 2., eat, public, safe, steak
    2) (=household) casa f

    • to keep house (for sb) — llevar la casa (a algn)

    • the children were playing (at) house — los niños estaban jugando a las casitas

    • to set up house — poner casa

    - put or set or get one's house in order
    3) (Pol) cámara f

    the House — (=House of Commons) la Cámara de los Comunes; (US) la Cámara de Representantes

    the upper/lower house — la cámara alta/baja

    • the House of Commons/ Lords — (Brit) (=building, members) la Cámara de los Comunes/Lores

    • the Houses of Parliament — (Brit) el Parlamento

    • the House of Representatives — (US) la Cámara de Representantes

    See:
    4) (in debate) asamblea f

    this house believes that... — esta asamblea cree que...

    5) (Brit) (Scol) subdivisión de alumnos que se crea en algunos colegios para promover la competición entre ellos
    6) (Theat) (=auditorium) sala f; (=audience) público m

    • full house — (teatro m) lleno m

    • they played to packed houses — llenaban las salas

    • the second house — la segunda función

    - bring the house down
    7) (Comm) casa f

    • banking house — entidad f bancaria

    • fashion house — casa f de modas

    • finance house — entidad f financiera

    • we do our printing in house — hacemos nuestra propia impresión, hacemos la impresión en la empresa

    • it's on the house — invita la casa

    • TV programmes made out of house — programas de televisión realizados por productoras externas

    • publishing house — (casa f) editorial f

    in-house
    8) (=family, line) casa f, familia f
    9) (Cards)
    10) (Astrol) casa f (celeste)
    2. [haʊz]
    VT
    1) (=provide accommodation for) [+ person, family] alojar, dar alojamiento a
    2) (=have space for, contain) albergar

    the building will not house them all — el edificio no podrá albergarlos a todos, no cabrán todos en el edificio

    3) (=store) guardar, almacenar
    4) (Mech) encajar
    3.
    [haʊs]
    CPD

    house agent N — (Brit) agente mf inmobiliario(-a)

    house arrest N — arresto m domiciliario

    house call N — consulta f a domicilio

    house contents insurance N — seguro m del contenido de una casa

    house doctor N — = house physician

    house hunter N — persona f en busca de vivienda

    house lights NPL — (Theat) luces fpl de sala

    house manager N — (Theat) encargado(-a) m / f del teatro

    house martin N — avión m común

    house number N — número m de calle

    house owner N — propietario(-a) m / f de una casa

    house painter N — pintor(a) m / f (de brocha gorda)

    house party N — (event) fiesta de varios días en una casa de campo ; (people) grupo m de invitados (que pasan varios días en una casa de campo)

    house physician N — (Brit) médico(-a) m / f interno(-a)

    house plant N — planta f de interior

    house red N — tinto m de la casa

    house rule N — (in family) regla f de la casa

    no drugs is a house rule — (in institution) aquí están prohibidas las drogas

    house sale N — venta f inmobiliaria

    house sparrow N — gorrión m común

    house style N — estilo m de la casa

    house surgeon N — (Brit) cirujano(-a) m / f interno(-a)

    house wine N — vino m de la casa

    * * *

    I [haʊs]
    noun (pl houses ['haʊzəz])
    1)
    a) (dwelling, household) casa f

    as safe as houses — (BrE) totalmente seguro

    to clean house — (AmE) ( restore order) poner* la casa en orden; (lit: spring-clean) hacer* (una) limpieza general

    to get along like a house afire o (BrE) on fire (colloq) — hacer* buenas migas, llevarse muy bien

    to keep open house — tener* la puerta siempre abierta

    to put one's (own) house in order — poner* sus (or mis etc) asuntos en orden, ordenar sus (or mis etc) asuntos

    to set up house — poner* casa; (before n)

    b) ( dynasty) casa f, familia f
    2) ( Govt) Cámara f

    the House of Representatives — ( in US) la Cámara de Representantes or de Diputados

    the House of Commons/of Lords — ( in UK) la Cámara de los Comunes/de los Lores

    the Houses of Parliament — ( in UK) el Parlamento

    3) ( Busn) casa f, empresa f

    drinks are on the house — invita la casa; (before n)

    house wine — vino m de la casa

    4) ( Theat)
    a) ( auditorium) sala f
    b) ( audience) público m
    c) ( performance) función f

    II [haʊz]
    a) ( accommodate) \<\<person/family\>\> alojar, darle* alojamiento a
    b) ( contain) \<\<office/museum\>\> albergar*
    c) ( store) almacenar

    III [haʊs]
    interjection (BrE) cartón! (AmL), bingo! (Esp)

    English-spanish dictionary > house

  • 17 home

    1. noun
    1) Heim, das; (flat) Wohnung, die; (house) Haus, das; (household) [Eltern]haus, das

    my home is in Leeds — ich bin in Leeds zu Hause od. wohne in Leeds

    leave/have left home — aus dem Haus gehen/sein

    live at home — im Elternhaus wohnen

    they had no home/homes [of their own] — sie hatten kein Zuhause

    at home — zu Hause; (not abroad) im Inland

    be/feel at home — (fig.) sich wohl fühlen

    make somebody feel at home — es jemandem behaglich machen

    make yourself at home — fühl dich wie zu Hause

    he is quite at home in French — er ist im Französischen ganz gut zu Hause

    2) (fig.)

    to take an example nearer home,... — um ein Beispiel zu nehmen, das uns näher liegt,...

    3) (native country) die Heimat

    at home — zu Hause; in der Heimat

    4) (institution) Heim, das; (coll.): (mental home) Anstalt, die (salopp)
    2. adjective
    1) (connected with home) Haus-; Haushalts[gerät usw.]
    2) (done at home) häuslich; Selbst[backen, homebrauen usw.]
    3) (in the neighbourhood of home) nahe gelegen
    4) (Sport) Heim[spiel, -sieg, -mannschaft]; [Anhänger, Spieler] der Heimmannschaft
    5) (not foreign) [ein]heimisch; inländisch
    3. adverb
    1) (to home) nach Hause

    on one's way home — auf dem Weg nach Hause od. Nachhauseweg

    he takes home £200 a week after tax — er verdient 200 Pfund netto in der Woche

    nothing to write home about — (coll.) nichts Besonderes od. Aufregendes

    2) (arrived at home) zu Hause

    be home and dry — (fig.) aus dem Schneider sein (ugs.)

    3) (as far as possible)

    push home — [ganz] hineinschieben [Schublade]; ausnutzen [Vorteil]

    press home — [ganz] hinunterdrücken [Hebel]; forcieren [Angriff]; [voll] ausnutzen [Vorteil]

    drive home — [ganz] einschlagen [Nagel]

    4)

    come or get home to somebody — (become fully realized) jemandem in vollem Ausmaß bewusst werden; see also academic.ru/62935/roost">roost 1.

    4. intransitive verb
    1) [Vogel usw.:] zurückkehren
    2) (be guided)

    these missiles home [in] on their targets — diese Flugkörper suchen sich (Dat.) ihr Ziel

    3)

    home in/on something — (fig.) etwas herausgreifen

    * * *
    [həum] 1. noun
    1) (the house, town, country etc where a person etc usually lives: I work in London but my home is in Bournemouth; When I retire, I'll make my home in Bournemouth; Africa is the home of the lion; We'll have to find a home for the kitten.) die Heimat
    2) (the place from which a person, thing etc comes originally: America is the home of jazz.) die Heimat
    3) (a place where children without parents, old people, people who are ill etc live and are looked after: an old folk's home; a nursing home.) das Heim
    4) (a place where people stay while they are working: a nurses' home.) das Heim
    5) (a house: Crumpy Construction build fine homes for fine people; He invited me round to his home.) die Wohnung
    2. adjective
    1) (of a person's home or family: home comforts.) häuslich
    2) (of the country etc where a person lives: home produce.) einheimisch
    3) ((in football) playing or played on a team's own ground: the home team; a home game.) Heim-...
    3. adverb
    1) (to a person's home: I'm going home now; Hallo - I'm home!) nach, zu Hause
    2) (completely; to the place, position etc a thing is intended to be: He drove the nail home; Few of his punches went home; These photographs of the war brought home to me the suffering of the soldiers.) bis ans Ziel, jemandem etwas klarmachen
    •
    - homeless
    - homely
    - homeliness
    - homing
    - home-coming
    - home-grown
    - homeland
    - home-made
    - home rule
    - homesick
    - homesickness
    - homestead
    - home truth
    - homeward
    - homewards
    - homeward
    - homework
    - at home
    - be/feel at home
    - home in on
    - leave home
    - make oneself at home
    - nothing to write home about
    * * *
    [həʊm, AM hoʊm]
    I. n
    1. (abode) Zuhause nt
    haven't you got a \home to go to? ( iron) hast du [denn] kein Zuhause? iron
    away from \home auswärts
    to be away from \home von zu Hause weg sein
    to come straight from \home direkt von zu Hause kommen
    to be a \home from [or AM, AUS away from] \home ein zweites Zuhause sein
    to be \home to sb/sth:
    the city is \home to about 700 refugees in der Stadt wohnen ca. 700 Flüchtlinge
    the museum is \home to a large collection of manuscripts das Museum besitzt eine große Manuskriptensammlung
    to be not at \home to sb für jdn nicht zu sprechen sein
    to give sb/an animal a \home jdm/einem Tier ein Zuhause geben
    to leave \home ausziehen; child das Elternhaus verlassen, von zu Hause ausziehen
    to make a country/town one's \home sich in einer Stadt/einem Land niederlassen
    to make oneself at \home es sich dat gemütlich machen
    to set up \home sich akk häuslich niederlassen
    to work from \home zu Hause [o von zu Hause aus] arbeiten
    at \home, in one's [own] \home, in the \home zu Hause, zuhause ÖSTERR, SCHWEIZ
    2. (house) Haus nt; (flat) Wohnung f
    luxury \home Luxusheim nt
    starter \home erstes eigenes Heim
    to move \home umziehen
    3. (family) Zuhause nt kein pl
    to come from a broken \home aus zerrütteten Familienverhältnissen stammen, aus einem kaputten Zuhause kommen fam
    to come from a good \home aus gutem Hause kommen geh
    happy \home glückliches Zuhause
    4. (institute) Heim nt
    old people's \home Altersheim nt
    5. (place of origin) Heimat f; (of people also) Zuhause nt kein pl
    England feels like \home to me now ich fühle mich inzwischen in England zu Hause
    at \home in der Heimat, zu Hause
    at \home and abroad im In- und Ausland
    to loose/win away from \home auswärts verlieren/gewinnen
    to play at \home zu Hause spielen
    7. (finish) Ziel nt
    8. (win) Heimsieg m
    9. no pl COMPUT (for the cursor) Ausgangsstellung f; (on the key)
    “\home” „Pos. 1“
    10.
    ▶ who's he/she when he's/she's at \home? ( fam) wer, bitteschön, ist er/sie [denn] überhaupt?
    ▶ charity begins at \home ( prov) man muss zuerst an die eigene Familie denken
    ▶ to be close [or near] to \home:
    that remark was close to \home das hat richtig gesessen fam
    ▶ to eat sb out of house and \home ( fam) jdm die Haare vom Kopf fressen fam
    ▶ an Englishman's \home is his castle ( prov) dem Engländer bedeutet sein Zuhause sehr viel
    ▶ to be [or feel] at \home with sb sich akk bei jdm wohl fühlen
    ▶ \home is where the heart is ( prov) Zuhause ist, wo das Herz zu Hause ist
    ▶ there's no place like \home ( prov) daheim ist's doch am schönsten
    ▶ \home sweet \home ( saying) trautes Heim, Glück allein
    II. adv inv
    1. (at one's abode) zu Hause, zuhause ÖSTERR, SCHWEIZ, daheim bes SÜDD, ÖSTERR, SCHWEIZ; (to one's abode) nach Hause, nachhause ÖSTERR, SCHWEIZ
    are you \home this afternoon? bist du heute Nachmittag zu Hause?
    hello! I'm \home! hallo! ich bin wieder da!
    on my way \home auf dem Nachhauseweg
    to come/go \home nach Hause kommen/gehen
    to go/return \home in seine Heimat zurückgehen/zurückkehren
    to send sb \home jdn zurück in die [o seine] Heimat schicken
    3. (to sb's understanding)
    the danger really came \home to me when I... die Gefahr wurde mir erst richtig bewusst, als ich...
    to bring sth \home [to sb] [jdm] etw klarmachen
    to drive [or hammer] [or ram] it \home that... unmissverständlich klarmachen, dass...
    she really drove \home the message that we need to economize sie machte uns unmissverständlich klar, dass wir sparen müssen
    sth hit [or went] \home etw hat gesessen fam
    her remarks really hit \home ihre Bemerkungen haben echt gesessen! fam
    to push [or press] \home ⇆ sth etw dat [besonderen] Nachdruck verleihen
    4. (to a larger extent)
    she pressed \home her attack on his bishop sie verstärkte den Angriff auf seinen Läufer
    to push \home an advantage [or an advantage \home] einen Vorteil ausnutzen
    5. (to its final position)
    to push the bolt \home den Türriegel vorschieben
    to hit [or strike] \home missile das Ziel treffen
    to press/screw sth \home etw gut festdrücken/festschrauben
    to get \home das Ziel erreichen
    7.
    ▶ to bring \home the bacon ( fam) die Brötchen verdienen fam
    ▶ until [or till] the cows come \home ( fam) bis in alle Ewigkeit
    I could drink this wine till the cows come \home diesen Wein könnte ich endlos weitertrinken fam
    ▶ to be \home and dry [or AUS hosed], AM to be \home free seine Schäfchen ins Trockene gebracht haben fig fam
    ▶ it's nothing to write \home about es ist nicht gerade umwerfend [o haut einen nicht gerade vom Hocker] fam
    ▶ \home, James[, and don't spare the horses]! ( dated or hum) so schnell wie nur möglich nach Hause!
    III. vi ( fam)
    1. (find its aim) [selbstständig] sein Ziel finden; (move) sein Ziel ansteuern
    ▪ to \home in on sth (find its aim) sich [selbstständig] auf etw akk ausrichten; (move) genau auf etw akk zusteuern
    2. (focus)
    ▪ to \home in on sth [sich dat] etw herausgreifen
    * * *
    [həʊm]
    1. n
    1) (= where one lives) Zuhause nt, Heim nt; (= house) Haus nt; (= country, area etc) Heimat f

    a loving/good home — ein liebevolles/gutes Zuhause

    gifts for the home — Geschenke pl für das Haus or die Wohnung

    a long way from home — weit von zu Hause weg or entfernt; (in different country also) weit von der Heimat entfernt

    to find a home for sb/an animal — ein Zuhause für jdn/ein Tier finden

    at home — zu Hause; (Comm) im Inland; (Sport) auf eigenem Platz

    the next match will be at home —

    Miss Hooper is not at home today Miss Hooper is not at home to anyone today — Frau Hooper ist heute nicht zu Hause or nicht da Frau Hooper ist heute für niemanden zu Hause or zu sprechen

    I don't feel at home with this new theory yet — ich komme mit dieser neuen Theorie noch nicht ganz zurecht

    to make oneself at home — es sich (dat) gemütlich or bequem machen

    Scotland is the home of the haggis — Schottland ist die Heimat des Haggis, das Haggis ist in Schottland zu Hause

    the city/this building is home to some 1,500 students — in dieser Stadt/diesem Gebäude wohnen etwa 1.500 Studenten or sind etwa 1.500 Studenten zu Hause

    there's no place like home (Prov) — daheim ist daheim (prov), eigener Herd ist Goldes wert (Prov)

    home sweet home (Prov) — trautes Heim, Glück allein (Prov)

    2) (= institution) Heim nt; (for orphans) Waisenhaus nt, Heim nt; (for blind) Heim nt, Anstalt f → nursing home
    See:
    → nursing home
    3) (ZOOL, BOT) Heimat f
    4) (SPORT) (= base) Mal nt; (RACING) Ziel nt
    2. adv
    1) (position) zu Hause, zuhause (Aus, Sw), daheim; (with verb of motion) nach Hause, nachhause (Aus, Sw), heim

    to go home (to house) — nach Hause or (Aus, Sw) nachhause gehen/fahren; (to country) heimfahren

    on the way home —

    the first runner home — der Erste, der durchs Ziel geht

    to get home — nach Hause or (Aus, Sw) nachhause kommen, heimkommen; (in race) durchs Ziel gehen

    I have to get home before ten — ich muss vor zehn zu Hause or (Aus, Sw) zuhause or daheim sein

    2)

    (= to the mark) to drive a nail home — einen Nagel einschlagen

    it came home to him that... — es wurde ihm klar, dass...

    to strike home (torpedo etc) — treffen; ( fig : remark ) ins Schwarze treffen, sitzen (inf)

    See:
    3. vi
    (pigeons) heimkehren
    * * *
    home [həʊm]
    A s
    1. Heim n:
    a) Haus n, (eigene) Wohnung
    b) Zuhause n, Daheim n
    c) Elternhaus n:
    at home zu Hause, daheim (beide, auch SPORT)( → A 2);
    at home in ( oder on, with) zu Hause in (einem Fachgebiet etc), bewandert in (dat), vertraut mit;
    be at home in London in London zu Hause sein;
    not be at home (to sb) nicht zu sprechen sein (für jemanden);
    feel at home sich wie zu Hause fühlen;
    make o.s. at home es sich bequem machen; tun, als ob man zu Hause wäre;
    he made his home at er ließ sich in (dat) nieder;
    leave home von zu Hause fortgehen;
    work from home von zu Hause aus arbeiten;
    away from home abwesend, verreist, besonders SPORT auswärts;
    a home from home, US a home away from home ein Ort, an dem man sich wie zu Hause fühlt;
    pleasures of home häusliche Freuden
    2. Heimat f ( auch BOT, ZOOL und fig), Geburts-, Vaterland n:
    the US is the home of baseball die USA sind die Heimat des Baseball;
    a) im Lande, in der Heimat,
    b) im Inland, daheim,
    c) im (englischen) Mutterland ( → A 1);
    at home and abroad im In- und Ausland;
    Paris is his second home Paris ist seine zweite Heimat;
    a letter from home ein Brief aus der Heimat oder von zu Hause
    3. (ständiger oder jetziger) Wohnort, Heimatort m:
    he has made London his home er hat sich in London niedergelassen
    4. Zufluchtsort m:
    last ( oder long) home letzte Ruhestätte
    5. Heim n:
    home for the aged Alters-, Altenheim;
    home for the blind Blindenheim, -anstalt f; → children, orphan A
    6. SPORT Ziel n
    7. SPORT
    a) Heimspiel n
    b) Heimsieg m
    B adj
    1. Heim…:
    a) häuslich
    b) zu Haus ausgeübt:
    home banking COMPUT etc Homebanking n (Abwicklung von Bankgeschäften von zu Hause aus);
    home circle Familienkreis m;
    home computer Homecomputer m (kleinerer Computer für den häuslichen Anwendungsbereich);
    home cooking das Kochen zu Hause;
    home difficulties häusliche Schwierigkeiten;
    home life häusliches Leben, Familienleben n;
    home mechanic Bastler(in), Heimwerker(in);
    home remedy Hausmittel n
    2. Heimat…:
    home address Heimat- oder Privatanschrift f;
    home fleet SCHIFF Flotte f in Heimatgewässern;
    home forces MIL im Heimatland stationierte Streitkräfte;
    home waters SCHIFF heimatliche Gewässer
    3. einheimisch, inländisch, Inlands…, Binnen…:
    home affairs POL innere Angelegenheiten, Innenpolitik f;
    home demand WIRTSCH Inlandsbedarf m;
    home market WIRTSCH Inlands-, Binnenmarkt m;
    home trade WIRTSCH Binnenhandel m
    4. SPORT
    a) Heim…:
    home advantage (defeat, game, team, win, etc);
    home record Heimbilanz f;
    home strength Heimstärke f;
    home weakness Heimschwäche f
    b) Ziel…: → home straight
    5. TECH Normal…:
    6. Rück…:
    7. a) gezielt, wirkungsvoll (Schlag etc)
    b) fig treffend, beißend (Bemerkung etc):
    home question gezielte oder peinliche Frage; → home thrust, home truth
    C adv
    1. heim, nach Hause:
    the way home der Heimweg;
    go home heimgehen, nach Hause gehen ( → C 3);
    take home netto verdienen oder bekommen;
    that’s nothing to write home about umg das ist nichts Besonderes oder nicht so toll oder nicht gerade berauschend, darauf brauchst du dir nichts einzubilden; → come home, get C 1
    2. zu Hause, daheim:
    welcome home!;
    a) in Sicherheit sein,
    b) hundertprozentig sicher sein
    3. fig
    a) ins Ziel oder Schwarze
    b) im Ziel, im Schwarzen
    c) bis zum Ausgangspunkt
    d) so weit wie möglich, ganz:
    bring ( oder drive) sth home to sb jemandem etwas klarmachen oder beibringen oder zum Bewusstsein bringen oder vor Augen führen;
    bring a charge home to sb jemanden überführen;
    drive a nail home einen Nagel fest einschlagen;
    go ( oder get, strike) home sitzen umg, treffen, seine Wirkung tun ( → C 1);
    the thrust went home der Hieb saß
    D v/i
    1. besonders ZOOL zurückkehren
    2. FLUG
    a) (mittels Leitstrahl) das Ziel anfliegen:
    home on ( oder in) a beam einem Leitstrahl folgen
    b) automatisch auf ein Ziel zusteuern (Rakete):
    home in on ein Ziel automatisch ansteuern, fig sich sofort etwas herausgreifen
    E v/t ein Flugzeug (mittels Radar) einweisen, herunterholen umg
    * * *
    1. noun
    1) Heim, das; (flat) Wohnung, die; (house) Haus, das; (household) [Eltern]haus, das

    leave/have left home — aus dem Haus gehen/sein

    they had no home/homes [of their own] — sie hatten kein Zuhause

    at home — zu Hause; (not abroad) im Inland

    be/feel at home — (fig.) sich wohl fühlen

    2) (fig.)

    to take an example nearer home,... — um ein Beispiel zu nehmen, das uns näher liegt,...

    3) (native country) die Heimat

    at home — zu Hause; in der Heimat

    4) (institution) Heim, das; (coll.): (mental home) Anstalt, die (salopp)
    2. adjective
    1) (connected with home) Haus-; Haushalts[gerät usw.]
    2) (done at home) häuslich; Selbst[backen, homebrauen usw.]
    4) (Sport) Heim[spiel, -sieg, -mannschaft]; [Anhänger, Spieler] der Heimmannschaft
    5) (not foreign) [ein]heimisch; inländisch
    3. adverb
    1) (to home) nach Hause

    he takes home £200 a week after tax — er verdient 200 Pfund netto in der Woche

    nothing to write home about — (coll.) nichts Besonderes od. Aufregendes

    2) (arrived at home) zu Hause

    be home and dry — (fig.) aus dem Schneider sein (ugs.)

    push home — [ganz] hineinschieben [Schublade]; ausnutzen [Vorteil]

    press home — [ganz] hinunterdrücken [Hebel]; forcieren [Angriff]; [voll] ausnutzen [Vorteil]

    drive home — [ganz] einschlagen [Nagel]

    4)

    come or get home to somebody — (become fully realized) jemandem in vollem Ausmaß bewusst werden; see also roost 1.

    4. intransitive verb
    1) [Vogel usw.:] zurückkehren

    these missiles home [in] on their targets — diese Flugkörper suchen sich (Dat.) ihr Ziel

    3)

    home in/on something — (fig.) etwas herausgreifen

    * * *
    adj.
    heimwärts adj.
    nach Hause ausdr. adv.
    nach Hause ausdr. n.
    Haus Häuser n.
    Heim -e n.
    Zuhause n.

    English-german dictionary > home

  • 18 account

    noun
    1) (Finance) Rechnung, die

    keep accounts/the accounts — Buch/die Bücher führen

    settle or square accounts with somebody — (lit. or fig.) mit jemandem abrechnen

    on account — auf Rechnung; a conto

    on one's [own] account — auf eigene Rechnung; (fig.) von sich aus

    2) (at bank, shop) Konto, das
    3) (statement of facts) Rechenschaft, die

    give or render an account for something — über etwas (Akk.) Rechenschaft ablegen

    take account of something, take something into account — etwas berücksichtigen

    take no account of something/somebody, leave something/somebody out of account — etwas/jemanden unberücksichtigt lassen od. nicht berücksichtigen

    on no account, not on any account — auf [gar] keinen Fall

    of little/no account — von geringer/ohne Bedeutung

    6) (report)

    an account [of something] — ein Bericht [über etwas (Akk.)]

    by or from all accounts — nach allem, was man hört

    Phrasal Verbs:
    - academic.ru/83952/account_for">account for
    * * *
    1) (an arrangement by which a person keeps his money in a bank: I have( opened) an account with the local bank.) die Rechnung
    2) (a statement of money owing: Send me an account.) Geschaftsbücher
    3) (a description or explanation (of something that has happened): a full account of his holiday.) das Konto
    4) (an arrangement by which a person makes a regular (eg monthly) payment instead of paying at the time of buying: I have an account at Smiths.) Kundenkonto
    5) ((usually in plural) a record of money received and spent: You must keep your accounts in order; ( also adjective) an account book.) der Bericht
    •
    - accountancy
    - accountant
    - account for
    - on account of
    - on my/his etc account
    - on my/his account
    - on no account
    - take something into account
    - take into account
    - take account of something
    - take account of
    * * *
    ac·count
    [əˈkaʊnt]
    I. n
    1. (description) Bericht m
    by [or from] all \accounts nach allem, was man so hört
    by his own \account eigenen Aussagen zufolge
    to give [or ( form) render] an \account of sth Bericht über etw akk erstatten, etw schildern
    2. (with a bank) Konto nt
    bank/ BRIT building society \account Bank-/Bausparkassenkonto nt
    to have an \account with a bank ein Konto bei einer Bank haben
    to draw money out of [or withdraw money from] an \account Geld von einem Konto abheben
    savings [or BRIT deposit] \account Sparkonto nt
    current BRIT [or AM checking] \account (personal) Girokonto nt; (business) Kontokorrentkonto nt fachspr
    joint \account Gemeinschaftskonto nt
    securities \account Depot nt
    NOW \account AM zinstragendes Konto
    statement of \account Kontoauszug m
    to be on one's \account money auf dem Konto sein
    to open/close an \account [with sb] ein Konto [bei jdm] eröffnen/auflösen
    to pay sth into [or AM, AUS deposit sth in] an \account etw auf ein Konto überweisen; (in person) etw auf ein Konto einzahlen
    3. (credit) [Kunden]kredit m
    will that be cash or \account? zahlen Sie bar oder geht das auf Rechnung?
    to buy sth on \account BRIT etw auf Kredit kaufen
    to have an \account with sb bei jdm auf Rechnung kaufen
    to pay sth on \account BRIT ( dated) etw anzahlen, eine Anzahlung auf etw akk leisten
    to put sth on [or charge sth to] sb's \account etw auf jds Rechnung setzen, jdm etw in Rechnung stellen
    4. (bill) Rechnung f
    to settle [or pay] an \account eine Rechnung bezahlen [o geh begleichen
    ▪ \accounts pl [Geschäfts]bücher pl
    \accounts payable Kreditoren pl, Verbindlichkeiten pl
    \accounts receivable Forderungen pl, Außenstände pl
    capital \account Darstellung f des Kapitalverkehrs mit dem Ausland
    current \account balance of payments Saldo m der Leistungsbilanz
    period of \account FIN, ECON Geschäftsjahr nt
    to keep the \accounts esp BRIT die Buchhaltung machen
    to keep an \account of sth über etw akk Buch führen
    trading [or dealing] for the \account [or \account trading] Wertpapiergeschäfte, bei denen Auslieferung und Abrechnung der Papiere am nächsten Abrechnungstermin erfolgt
    rolling \account Erfüllung von Börsengeschäften zu einem späteren, entweder feststehenden oder vereinbarten Termin
    7. (customer) Kunde, Kundin m, f, [Kunden]vertrag m
    to take sth into \account [or to take \account of sth] etw berücksichtigen [o in Betracht ziehen]
    to take into \account that... berücksichtigen [o in Betracht ziehen], dass...
    to take no \account of sth [or to leave sth out of [the] \account] etw nicht berücksichtigen, etw außer Acht lassen
    9. (reason)
    on that \account I think... aus diesem Grund schlage ich vor,...
    ▪ on \account of sth aufgrund einer S. gen
    on my/her/his \account meinet-/ihret-/seinetwegen
    on no [or not on any] \account auf keinen Fall, unter keinen Umständen
    to be of little \account von geringer Bedeutung sein
    to be of no \account keinerlei Bedeutung haben
    11. no pl (responsibility)
    on one's own \account auf eigenes Risiko
    12. LAW Klage f auf Auskunft und Rechenschaftslegung
    action for an \account Rechnungslegungklage f
    13.
    ▶ to be called [or brought] to \account [for sth] [für etw akk] zur Verantwortung [o Rechenschaft] gezogen werden
    ▶ to give a good \account of oneself eine gute Figur abgeben; (in a fight, competition) sich akk wacker schlagen
    ▶ to settle [or square] \accounts with sb mit jdm abrechnen
    ▶ to turn sth to [good] \account ( form) aus etw dat seinen Vorteil ziehen
    II. vt ( form)
    to \account oneself fortunate sich akk glücklich schätzen
    I would \account it an honour if... es wäre mir eine Ehre,...
    III. vi
    1. (explain)
    ▪ to \account for sth etw erklären, über etw akk Rechenschaft ablegen
    there's no \accounting for taste[s] über Geschmack lässt sich streiten
    2. (locate)
    ▪ to \account for sth den Verbleib einer S. gen erklären
    ▪ to \account for sb jds Verbleib klären
    3. (make up)
    ▪ to \account for sth:
    students \account for the majority of our customers Studenten machen den größten Teil unserer Kundschaft aus
    ▪ to \account for sth etw mit einberechnen
    5. ( dated: defeat)
    ▪ to \account for sb jdn zur Strecke bringen geh
    * * *
    [ə'kaʊnt]
    1. n
    1) Darstellung f; (= report) Bericht m

    to keep an account of one's expenses/experiences — über seine Ausgaben Buch führen/seine Erlebnisse schriftlich festhalten

    by or from all accounts —

    by your own account — nach Ihrer eigenen Darstellung, nach Ihren eigenen Angaben

    to give an account of sth — über etw (acc) Bericht erstatten

    to be called or held to account for sth — über etw (acc) Rechenschaft ablegen müssen

    2)

    (= consideration) to take account of sb/sth, to take sb/sth into account — jdn/etw in Betracht ziehen

    to take no account of sb/sth, to leave sb/sth out of account — jdn/etw außer Betracht lassen

    on no account, not on any account — auf (gar) keinen Fall

    on this/that account — deshalb, deswegen

    on my/his/their account — meinet-/seinet-/ihretwegen

    3) (= benefit) Nutzen m

    to turn sth to (good) account — (guten) Gebrauch von etw machen, etw (gut) nützen

    4)

    (= importance) of little account — von geringer Bedeutung

    5) (FIN, COMM) (at bank, shop) Konto nt (with bei); (= client) Kunde m, Kundin f; (= bill) Rechnung f

    to win sb's account — jdn als Kunden gewinnen

    £50 on account — £ 50 als Anzahlung

    account payee only (Brit) — nur zur Verrechnung

    6) pl (of company, club) (Geschäfts)bücher pl; (of household) Einnahmen und Ausgaben pl

    to keep the accounts — die Bücher führen, die Buchführung machen

    2. vt
    (form: consider) erachten als
    * * *
    account [əˈkaʊnt]
    A v/t ansehen oder betrachten als, halten für:
    account o.s. lucky sich glücklich schätzen;
    be accounted a genius als Genie gelten
    B v/i
    1. account (to sb) for (jemandem) Rechenschaft ablegen über (akk), sich (jemandem gegenüber) verantworten für
    2. die Verantwortung tragen, verantwortlich sein ( beide:
    for für)
    3. erklären, begründen ( beide:
    for akk):
    how do you account for that? wie erklären Sie sich das?;
    that accounts for it das erklärt die Sache;
    there is no accounting for tastes über (den) Geschmack lässt sich nicht streiten, die Geschmäcker sind verschieden
    this region alone accounts for some 20% of the whole population
    C s
    1. WIRTSCH
    a) Berechnung f, Rechnung f
    b) pl Geschäftsbücher pl
    c) pl (Rechnungs-, Jahres)Abschluss m
    d) Konto n:
    have no money in one’s account kein Geld auf dem Konto haben;
    hold an account with ein Konto haben bei;
    pay sth into one’s account etwas auf sein Konto einzahlen;
    balance ( oder settle, square) accounts with fig abrechnen mit;
    transaction for the account (Börse) Br Termingeschäft n; → Bes Redew
    2. Rechenschaft f, Rechenschaftsbericht m:
    a) jemanden zur Rechenschaft ziehen ( for wegen),
    b) mit jemandem abrechnen ( for wegen);
    give (an) account of Rechenschaft ablegen über (akk)( → C 3);
    give a good account of etwas gut erledigen, einen Gegner abfertigen;
    give a good (bad) account of o.s.
    a) sich von seiner guten (schlechten) Seite zeigen,
    b) gut (schlecht) abschneiden;
    he gave a good account of himself auch er hat sich gut oder tapfer geschlagen
    3. Bericht m, Darstellung f, Beschreibung f, auch (künstlerische) Interpretation:
    by ( oder from) all accounts nach allem, was man hört;
    give an account of Bericht erstatten über (akk)( → C 2)
    4. Liste f, Verzeichnis n:
    keep an account of Buch führen über (akk)
    5. Erwägung f, Berücksichtigung f:
    leave out of account außer Betracht lassen;
    take account of, take into account Rechnung tragen (dat), in Betracht oder Erwägung ziehen, einkalkulieren, berücksichtigen;
    on account of wegen, aufgrund von (od gen);
    on his account seinetwegen;
    on my mother’s account wegen meiner Mutter, mit Rücksicht auf meine Mutter;
    on one’s own account von sich aus (→ Bes Redew);
    on no account, not on any account auf keinen Fall, unter keinen Umständen;
    on all accounts auf jeden Fall, unbedingt
    6. Wert m, Wichtigkeit f, Bedeutung f, Ansehen n, Geltung f:
    of no account unbedeutend, ohne Bedeutung, wertlos
    7. Gewinn m, Vorteil m:
    find one’s account in sth bei etwas profitieren oder auf seine Kosten kommen;
    put ( oder turn) sth to (good) account sich etwas zunutze machen, Kapital schlagen aus etwas, Nutzen ziehen aus etwasBesondere Redewendungen: account carried forward Vortrag m auf neue Rechnung;
    accounts payable Verbindlichkeiten, (Bilanz) US Kreditoren;
    accounts receivable Außenstände, (Bilanz) US Debitoren;
    buy for the account (Börse) auf Termin kaufen;
    carry to account in Rechnung stellen;
    carry to a new account auf neue Rechnung vortragen;
    for account only nur zur Verrechnung;
    for the account of another auf fremde Rechnung;
    for one’s own account auf eigene Rechnung;
    for the account and risk of für Rechnung und Gefahr von (od gen);
    a) auf Rechnung,
    b) auf Abschlag, als Anzahlung;
    on one’s own account
    a) auf eigene Rechnung,
    b) auf eigene Gefahr;
    payment per account Saldozahlung f;
    place ( oder put) sth to sb’s account jemandem etwas berechnen oder in Rechnung stellen; → render A 10
    a/c abk WIRTSCH account (account current) Kontokorrent n, Girokonto n
    acc. abk
    1. TECH acceleration
    2. WIRTSCH acceptance
    4. WIRTSCH account
    5. LING accusative
    acct. abk
    1. WIRTSCH account
    * * *
    noun
    1) (Finance) Rechnung, die

    keep accounts/the accounts — Buch/die Bücher führen

    settle or square accounts with somebody — (lit. or fig.) mit jemandem abrechnen

    on account — auf Rechnung; a conto

    on one's [own] account — auf eigene Rechnung; (fig.) von sich aus

    2) (at bank, shop) Konto, das
    3) (statement of facts) Rechenschaft, die

    give or render an account for something — über etwas (Akk.) Rechenschaft ablegen

    take account of something, take something into account — etwas berücksichtigen

    take no account of something/somebody, leave something/somebody out of account — etwas/jemanden unberücksichtigt lassen od. nicht berücksichtigen

    on no account, not on any account — auf [gar] keinen Fall

    of little/no account — von geringer/ohne Bedeutung

    an account [of something] — ein Bericht [über etwas (Akk.)]

    by or from all accounts — nach allem, was man hört

    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    n.
    Berechnung f.
    Bericht -e m.
    Konto -s n.
    Rechnung -en f.
    Wert -e m.

    English-german dictionary > account

  • 19 domestic

    [də'mestɪk] adjective
    1) (household) häuslich [Verhältnisse, Umstände]; (family) familiär [Atmosphäre, Angelegenheit, Reibereien]; [Wasserversorgung, Ölverbrauch] der privaten Haushalte

    domestic servant — Hausgehilfe, der/ -gehilfin, die

    domestic help — Haushaltshilfe, die

    domestic appliance — Haushaltgerät, das

    2) (of one's own country) inländisch; einheimisch [Produkt]; innenpolitisch [Problem, Auseinandersetzungen]

    domestic policy — Innenpolitik, die

    3) (kept by man)

    domestic animal — Haustier, das

    domestic rabbit/cat — Hauskaninchen, das/Hauskatze, die

    * * *
    [də'mestik]
    1) (of or in the house or home: a domestic servant; domestic utensils.) Haus-...
    2) (concerning one's private life or family: domestic problems.) häuslich
    3) ((of animals) tame and living with or used by people.) Haus-...
    4) (not foreign: the Government's domestic policy.) Innen-...
    •
    - academic.ru/86344/domesticated">domesticated
    - domestication
    - domesticity
    - domestic help
    * * *
    do·mes·tic
    [dəˈmestɪk]
    I. adj
    1. (of the household) häuslich, Haus-
    \domestic bliss häusliches Glück
    they lived in \domestic bliss sie führten ein glückliches Familienleben
    \domestic commitments familiäre Verpflichtungen
    \domestic discord häusliche Zwietracht
    \domestic relations court Familiengericht nt
    to be in \domestic service als Hausangestellte(r) arbeiten
    \domestic violence Gewalt f in der Familie
    \domestic work Hausarbeit f
    2. (fond of home) häuslich
    he is a \domestic man er ist ein häuslicher Typ
    3. inv (a country's own) Inlands-, inländisch
    \domestic affairs innere [o innenpolitische] Angelegenheiten
    \domestic airline Inlandsfluggesellschaft f
    \domestic considerations innenpolitische Erwägungen
    \domestic economic policy Binnenwirtschaftspolitik f
    \domestic mail Inlandspost f
    \domestic market Binnenmarkt m, Inlandsmarkt m
    \domestic public opinion politische Meinung im Land
    \domestic policy Innenpolitik f
    \domestic product einheimisches Produkt [o Erzeugnis]
    gross \domestic product Bruttoinlandsprodukt nt
    \domestic trade Binnenhandel m
    \domestic wines einheimische Weine
    II. n ( dated) Domestik m veraltet, Hausangestellte(r) f(m)
    * * *
    [də'mestɪk]
    1. adj
    1) (= household) häuslich

    the domestic arrangements — die häusliche Situation

    his wife has always taken care of his domestic needs —

    everything of a domestic nature — alles, was den Haushalt angeht

    she was never very domestic, she was never a very domestic sort of person — sie war nie ein sehr häuslicher Mensch

    in the interests of domestic harmony — im Interesse des Familienfriedens

    for domestic use — für den Hausgebrauch

    or garbage (US) — Hausmüll m

    2) (ESP POL, COMM: within a country) consumption, production, spending, sales, demand etc inländisch, im Inland; currency inländisch; problems im Inland; news aus dem Inland; issues, affairs innenpolitisch
    2. n
    1) (= servant) Hausangestellte(r) mf
    2) (inf: quarrel) Ehekrach m
    * * *
    domestic [dəʊˈmestık]
    A adj (adv domestically)
    1. häuslich, Haus…, Haushalts…, Familien…, Privat…:
    domestic affairs häusliche Angelegenheiten ( → A 5);
    domestic appliance ( besonders elektrisches) Haushaltsgerät;
    domestic architecture Häuser-, Wohnungsbau m;
    domestic bliss häusliches Glück;
    domestic coal Hausbrandkohle f;
    domestic difficulties häusliche Schwierigkeiten;
    domestic drama THEAT bürgerliches Drama;
    domestic economy Hauswirtschaft f, Haushaltskunde f;
    domestic life Familienleben n;
    domestic prelate KATH Hausprälat m, päpstlicher Prälat;
    domestic relations US Familienbeziehungen;
    court of domestic relations, domestic-relations court US Familiengericht n;
    law of domestic relations JUR US Familienrecht n;
    domestic science SCHULE Hauswirtschaftslehre f;
    domestic system Heimindustrie-System n;
    domestic virtues häusliche Tugenden
    2. häuslich (veranlagt) (Mann etc)
    3. Haus…, zahm:
    domestic animals Haustiere;
    domestic fowl ZOOL Haushuhn n
    4. inländisch, im Inland erzeugt, einheimisch, Inlands…, Landes…, Innen…, Binnen…:
    domestic bill WIRTSCH Inlandswechsel m;
    domestic commerce US Binnenhandel m;
    domestic flight FLUG Inlandsflug m;
    domestic goods Inlandswaren, einheimische Waren;
    domestic mail US Inlandspost f;
    domestic market inländischer Markt, Binnenmarkt m;
    domestic trade Binnenhandel m
    5. inner(er, e, es), Innen…:
    domestic affairs innere oder innenpolitische Angelegenheiten ( → A 1);
    in the domestic field innenpolitisch;
    domestic interference POL Einmischung f in innere Angelegenheiten;
    a domestic political issue eine innenpolitische Frage;
    domestic policy Innenpolitik f
    B s
    1. Hausangestellte(r) m/f(m), Dienstbote m, pl auch (Dienst)Personal n
    2. pl WIRTSCH Landesprodukte pl, inländische Erzeugnisse pl
    dom. abk
    * * *
    [də'mestɪk] adjective
    1) (household) häuslich [Verhältnisse, Umstände]; (family) familiär [Atmosphäre, Angelegenheit, Reibereien]; [Wasserversorgung, Ölverbrauch] der privaten Haushalte

    domestic servant — Hausgehilfe, der/ -gehilfin, die

    domestic help — Haushaltshilfe, die

    domestic appliance — Haushaltgerät, das

    2) (of one's own country) inländisch; einheimisch [Produkt]; innenpolitisch [Problem, Auseinandersetzungen]

    domestic policy — Innenpolitik, die

    domestic animal — Haustier, das

    domestic rabbit/cat — Hauskaninchen, das/Hauskatze, die

    * * *
    adj.
    häuslich adj. n.
    Dienstbote m.

    English-german dictionary > domestic

  • 20 run

    1. noun
    1) Lauf, der

    go for a run before breakfast — vor dem Frühstück einen Lauf machen

    make a late run — (Sport or fig.) zum Endspurt ansetzen

    come towards somebody/start off at a run — jemandem entgegenlaufen/losrennen

    I've had a good run for my money — ich bin auf meine Kosten gekommen

    2) (trip in vehicle) Fahrt, die; (for pleasure) Ausflug, der

    go for a run [in the car] — einen [Auto]ausflug machen

    3)

    she has had a long run of success — sie war lange [Zeit] erfolgreich

    have a long run — [Stück, Show:] viele Aufführungen erleben

    4) (succession) Serie, die; (Cards) Sequenz, die
    5) (tendency) Ablauf, der

    the general run of things/events — der Lauf der Dinge/der Gang der Ereignisse

    6) (regular route) Strecke, die
    7) (Cricket, Baseball) Lauf, der; Run, der
    8) (quantity produced) (of book) Auflage, die

    production run — Ausstoß, der (Wirtsch.)

    9) (demand) Run, der (on auf + Akk.)
    10)

    the runs — (coll.): (diarrhoea) Durchmarsch, der (salopp)

    11) (unrestricted use)
    12) (animal enclosure) Auslauf, der
    2. intransitive verb,
    -nn-, ran, run
    1) laufen; (fast also) rennen

    run for the bus — laufen od. rennen, um den Bus zu kriegen (ugs.)

    2) (compete) laufen
    3) (hurry) laufen

    don't run to me when things go wrong — komm mir nicht angelaufen, wenn etwas schiefgeht (ugs.)

    4) (roll) laufen; [Ball, Kugel:] rollen, laufen
    5) (slide) laufen; [Schlitten, [Schiebe]tür:] gleiten
    6) (revolve) [Rad, Maschine:] laufen
    7) (flee) davonlaufen
    8) (operate on a schedule) fahren

    run between two places — [Zug, Bus:] zwischen zwei Orten verkehren

    9) (pass cursorily)

    run through one's head or mind — [Gedanken, Ideen:] einem durch den Kopf gehen

    run through the various possibilities — die verschiedenen Möglichkeiten durchspielen

    10) (flow) laufen; [Fluss:] fließen

    run dry — [Fluss:] austrocknen; [Quelle:] versiegen

    run low or short — knapp werden; ausgehen

    11) (be current) [Vertrag, Theaterstück:] laufen
    12) (be present)

    run in the family — [Eigenschaft, Begabung:] in der Familie liegen

    13) (function) laufen

    keep/leave the engine running — den Motor laufen lassen/nicht abstellen

    the machine runs on batteries/oil — etc. die Maschine läuft mit Batterien/Öl usw.

    14) (have a course) [Straße, Bahnlinie:] verlaufen
    15) (have wording) lauten; [Geschichte:] gehen (fig.)
    16) (have certain level)

    inflation is running at 15 % — die Inflationsrate beläuft sich auf od. beträgt 15 %

    17) (seek election) kandidieren

    run for mayor — für das Amt des Bürgermeisters kandidieren

    18) (spread quickly)

    a shiver ran down my spine — ein Schau[d]er (geh.) lief mir den Rücken hinunter

    19) (spread undesirably) [Butter, Eis:] zerlaufen; (in washing) [Farben:] auslaufen
    20) (ladder) [Strumpf:] Laufmaschen bekommen
    3. transitive verb,
    -nn-, ran, run
    1) (cause to move) laufen lassen; (drive) fahren

    run one's hand/fingers through/along or over something — mit der Hand/den Fingern durch etwas fahren/über etwas (Akk.) streichen

    run an or one's eye along or down or over something — (fig.) etwas überfliegen

    2) (cause to flow) [ein]laufen lassen
    3) (organize, manage) führen, leiten [Geschäft usw.]; durchführen [Experiment]; veranstalten [Wettbewerb]; führen [Leben]
    4) (operate) bedienen [Maschine]; verkehren lassen [Verkehrsmittel]; einsetzen [Sonderbus, -zug]; laufen lassen [Motor]; abspielen [Tonband]

    run forward/back — vorwärts-/zurückspulen [Film, Tonband]

    5) (own and use) sich (Dat.) halten [Auto]

    this car is expensive to run — dieses Auto ist im Unterhalt sehr teuer

    6) (take for journey) fahren

    I'll run you into town — ich fahre od. bringe dich in die Stadt

    7) (pursue) jagen

    run somebody hard or close — jemandem auf den Fersen sein od. sitzen (ugs.)

    be run off one's feet — alle Hände voll zu tun haben (ugs.); (in business) Hochbetrieb haben (ugs.); see also academic.ru/23126/earth">earth 1. 4)

    8) (complete) laufen [Rennen, Marathon, Strecke]

    run messages/errands — Botengänge machen

    9)

    run a fever/a temperature — Fieber/erhöhte Temperatur haben

    10) (publish) bringen (ugs.) [Bericht, Artikel usw.]
    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    1. present participle - running; verb
    1) ((of a person or animal) to move quickly, faster than walking: He ran down the road.) rennen
    2) (to move smoothly: Trains run on rails.) fahren
    3) ((of water etc) to flow: Rivers run to the sea; The tap is running.) laufen
    4) ((of a machine etc) to work or operate: The engine is running; He ran the motor to see if it was working.) laufen(lassen)
    5) (to organize or manage: He runs the business very efficiently.) leiten
    6) (to race: Is your horse running this afternoon?) laufen
    7) ((of buses, trains etc) to travel regularly: The buses run every half hour; The train is running late.) verkehren
    8) (to last or continue; to go on: The play ran for six weeks.) laufen
    9) (to own and use, especially of cars: He runs a Rolls Royce.) sich halten
    10) ((of colour) to spread: When I washed my new dress the colour ran.) zerlaufen
    11) (to drive (someone); to give( someone) a lift: He ran me to the station.) fahren
    12) (to move (something): She ran her fingers through his hair; He ran his eyes over the letter.) gleiten lassen
    13) ((in certain phrases) to be or become: The river ran dry; My blood ran cold (= I was afraid).) werden
    2. noun
    1) (the act of running: He went for a run before breakfast.) das Laufen
    2) (a trip or drive: We went for a run in the country.) der Abstecher
    3) (a length of time (for which something continues): He's had a run of bad luck.) die Strähne
    4) (a ladder (in a stocking etc): I've got a run in my tights.) die Laufmasche
    5) (the free use (of a place): He gave me the run of his house.) freie Benutzung
    6) (in cricket, a batsman's act of running from one end of the wicket to the other, representing a single score: He scored/made 50 runs for his team.) der Lauf
    7) (an enclosure or pen: a chicken-run.) der Auslauf
    •
    - runner
    - running 3. adverb
    (one after another; continuously: We travelled for four days running.) aufeinanderfolgend
    - runny
    - runaway
    - rundown
    - runner-up
    - runway
    - in
    - out of the running
    - on the run
    - run across
    - run after
    - run aground
    - run along
    - run away
    - run down
    - run for
    - run for it
    - run in
    - run into
    - run its course
    - run off
    - run out
    - run over
    - run a temperature
    - run through
    - run to
    - run up
    - run wild
    * * *
    [rʌn]
    I. NOUN
    1. (jog) Lauf m
    the burglar made a \run for the door [or for it] der Einbrecher nahm Reißaus fam
    to let the dog out for [or let the dog have] a \run den Hund hinauslassen [o ÖSTERR fam äußerln führen]
    to break into a \run zu laufen beginnen
    to go for [or do] a \run laufen gehen
    I go for [or do] a 5 mile \run before breakfast ich laufe vor dem Frühstück 5 Meilen
    to set off/come in at a \run weg-/hereinlaufen
    he took the ditch at a \run er nahm Anlauf und sprang über den Graben; ( fig)
    with his main rival out injured, he has a clear \run at the title da sein Hauptrivale verletzt ist, hat er keine Konkurrenten beim Kampf um den Titel
    2. (journey) Strecke f
    the \run down to the coast only takes half an hour man braucht nur eine halbe Stunde zur Küste
    on the London—Glasgow \run auf der Strecke London—Glasgow
    to go for a \run in the car ( dated) eine Spritztour machen fam
    bombing \run Bombardierungsstrecke f
    3. (period) Dauer f
    \run of bad/good luck Pech-/Glückssträhne f
    a long \run of bad weather eine lange Schlechtwetterperiode
    4. (trend) Verlauf m
    in the normal \run of things normalerweise
    5. THEAT Laufzeit f
    after a short \run on Broadway nach kurzer Laufzeit am Broadway
    dry [or dummy] [or practice] \run Generalprobe f
    6. (production) Auflage f
    the company is planning a first \run of 10,000 red teddy bears die Firma plant eine Anfangsproduktion von 10.000 roten Teddybären
    7. ECON (as test) of a machine Durchlauf m, Maschinenlauf m
    a cheque \run Ausstellung f von Schecks durch Computer
    a computer \run Arbeitsgang m [o Durchlauf m] eines Computers
    test \run Probelauf m
    8. usu sing (demand) Run m, Ansturm m
    a sudden \run on the dollar has lowered its value die plötzliche Nachfrage nach dem Dollar ließ den Kurs sinken
    a \run on a bank ein Ansturm m auf eine Bank
    a \run on the pound Panikverkäufe pl des Pfundes
    9. (type) Art f
    their food is not the usual \run of hotel cooking ihr Essen hebt sich von der üblichen Hotelküche ab
    10. (enclosed area) Gehege nt
    chicken \run Hühnerhof m
    11. SPORT (point) Treffer m; (sailing) Vorwindkurs m; (in cricket, baseball) Run m
    to score 4 \runs vier Treffer erzielen
    to score a home \run einen Homerun erzielen
    12. esp AM (ladder) Laufmasche f
    13. ( fam: diarrhoea)
    to have the \runs Dünnpfiff haben sl
    14.
    ▶ to give sb a \run for their money jdn etw für sein Geld tun lassen
    ▶ to have the \run of sth etw zur Verfügung haben
    while she's away, I have the \run of the house während sie weg ist, hat sie mir das Haus überlassen
    ▶ to have a [good] \run for one's money etw für sein Geld bekommen
    ▶ in the long \run langfristig, auf lange Sicht gesehen
    ▶ in the short \run kurzfristig
    ▶ on the \run (escaped) auf der Flucht; (extremely busy) auf Trab fam
    when I am rushed in the mornings, I eat breakfast on the \run wenn ich morgens in Eile bin, dann esse ich mein Frühstück auf dem Weg
    <ran, run>
    1. (move fast) laufen, rennen
    he ran up/down the hill er rannte den Hügel hinauf/hinunter
    he ran along/down the street er rannte die Straße entlang/hinunter
    he ran into/out of the house er rannte in das Haus/aus dem Haus
    people came \running at the sound of shots Menschen kamen gelaufen, als sie Schüsse hörten
    to \run for the bus dem Bus nachlaufen
    to \run for cover schnell in Deckung gehen
    to \run for it sich akk aus dem Staub machen
    to \run for one's life um sein Leben rennen
    to \run for help um Hilfe laufen
    to \run for the police die Polizei benachrichtigen
    to \run on the spot auf der Stelle laufen
    to go \running laufen gehen
    ▪ to \run at sb jdn angreifen
    2. (operate) fahren, verkehren; engine laufen; machine in Betrieb sein
    are there a lot of trains \running between London and York? verkehren viele Züge zwischen London und York?
    they had the new computer system up and \running within an hour sie hatten das neue Computerprogramm innerhalb einer Stunde installiert und am Laufen; ( fig)
    work is \running smoothly at the moment die Arbeit geht im Moment glatt von der Hand
    to keep the economy \running die Wirtschaft am Laufen halten
    3. (travel) laufen; (go) verlaufen; ski gleiten
    the route \runs through the mountains die Strecke führt durch die Berge
    a shiver ran down my back mir lief ein Schauder über den Rücken geh
    to \run off the road von der Straße abkommen
    to \run onto the rocks [or aground] [or ashore] auflaufen, auf Grund laufen
    4. (grow) plants sich akk schlingen
    the vine \runs up the wall and along the fence die Weinreben schlingen sich die Wand hinauf und den Zaun entlang
    5. (extend)
    there's a beautiful cornice \running around all the ceilings ein wunderschönes Gesims verläuft um alle Decken
    6. (last) [an]dauern
    the film \runs for two hours der Film dauert zwei Stunden, der Film geht zwei Stunden fam
    how much longer does this course \run? wie lange dauert dieser Kurs noch?
    a magazine subscription usually only \runs for one year ein Zeitschriftenabonnement läuft normalerweise nur ein Jahr
    I've had that tune \running in my head all day diese Melodie geht mir schon den ganzen Tag im Kopf herum
    this show will \run and \run diese Show wird ewig laufen
    7. (be)
    inflation is \running at 10% die Inflationsrate beträgt 10 %; (amount to)
    ▪ to \run into [or to] sth sich akk auf etw akk belaufen, gehen
    he has an income \running into six figures er hat ein Einkommen, das sich auf sechsstellige Zahlen beläuft
    8. (flow) fließen
    I could feel trickles of sweat \running down my neck ich fühlte, wie mir die Schweißtropfen den Hals herunterliefen
    their bodies were \running with sweat ihre Körper waren schweißüberströmt
    when the sand has \run through the egg timer, it'll be five minutes wenn der Sand durch die Eieruhr gelaufen ist, dann sind fünf Minuten vorbei
    the river \runs [down] to the sea der Fluss mündet in das Meer
    there was a strong tide/heavy sea \running die Flut/die See war hoch
    don't cry, or your make-up will \run weine nicht, sonst verwischt sich dein Make-up
    the colour of the dress has \run das Kleid hat abgefärbt
    my nose is \running meine Nase läuft
    if the paint is wet, the colours will \run into each other wenn die Farbe nass ist, fließen die Farben ineinander
    9. POL (enter an election) kandidieren
    to \run for President für das Präsidentenamt kandidieren, sich akk für das Amt des Präsidenten bewerben
    ▪ to \run against sb gegen jdn kandidieren
    oh no, my tights have \run oh nein, ich habe eine Laufmasche im Strumpf
    11. (proceed) verlaufen
    can you give me an idea of how the discussion ran? kannst du mir den Verlauf der Diskussion schildern?
    12. NAUT fahren
    to \run before the wind vor dem Wind segeln
    13. (to be in force) price, value of commodity gelten, gültig sein
    14.
    ▶ to \run amok Amok laufen
    ▶ to \run with blood blutüberströmt sein
    the streets were \running with blood in den Straßen floss überall Blut
    ▶ to \run round [or AM around] in circles sich akk im Kreise drehen
    ▶ to \run deep:
    differences between the two sides \run deep die Unterschiede zwischen den beiden Seiten sind sehr groß
    ▶ to \run dry river austrocknen
    ▶ to \run in the family in der Familie liegen
    ▶ feelings are \running high die Gefühle gehen hoch
    ▶ to \run low supplies [langsam] ausgehen
    ▶ to make sb's blood \run cold jds Blut in den Adern gefrieren lassen
    ▶ to \run short knapp werden
    to \run short of sth etw nicht mehr haben
    we're beginning to \run short of money uns geht langsam das Geld aus
    ▶ to \run wild animals frei herumlaufen; plants wuchern; children alles machen dürfen; ( pej)
    she lets her kids \run wild [or \run riot] sie setzt ihren Kindern keinerlei Grenzen
    to let one's imagination \run wild seiner Fantasie freien Lauf lassen
    <ran, run>
    to \run a dead heat/a mile/a race ein totes Rennen/eine Meile/ein Rennen laufen
    2. (enter in race)
    to \run a candidate einen Kandidaten aufstellen
    to \run a horse ein Pferd laufen lassen
    he ran his car into a tree last night er fuhr letzte Nacht mit seinem Auto gegen einen Baum
    to \run sb home jdn nach Hause fahren
    to \run sb to the station jdn zum Bahnhof bringen
    4. (pass)
    she ran her eyes/finger down the list sie ließ die Augen/den Finger über die Liste gleiten
    \run this rope round the tree wickle dieses Seil um den Baum
    he ran a vacuum cleaner over the carpet er saugte den Teppich ab
    to \run one's fingers through one's hair sich dat mit den Fingern durchs Haar fahren
    ▪ to \run sth machine etw bedienen
    to \run a computer program ein Computerprogramm laufen lassen
    to \run the engine den Motor laufen lassen
    to \run additional trains zusätzliche Züge einsetzen
    to \run the dishwasher/washing machine die Spülmaschine/Waschmaschine laufen lassen
    ▪ to \run sth business etw leiten; farm etw betreiben
    how did he end up \running the city? wie wurde er Bürgermeister der Stadt?
    don't tell me how to \run my life! erklär mir nicht, wie ich mein Leben leben soll!
    some people \run their lives according to the movements of the stars manche Leute richten ihr Leben nach dem Verlauf der Sterne aus
    to \run a company ein Unternehmen leiten
    to \run a government/household eine Regierung/einen Haushalt führen
    to \run a store ein Geschäft haben
    7. (conduct)
    to \run a course einen Kurs anbieten
    to \run an experiment/a test ein Experiment/einen Test durchführen
    ▪ to \run sth water etw laufen lassen
    he ran a little cold water into the bath er ließ etwas kaltes Wasser in die Badewanne laufen
    to \run [sb] a bath [or to \run a bath [for sb]] [jdm] ein Bad einlaufen lassen
    9. (in newspaper)
    to \run a story about sth über etw akk berichten
    to \run an article/a series einen Artikel/eine Serie bringen fam
    10. (smuggle)
    ▪ to \run sth etw schmuggeln
    to \run sth across the border etw über die Grenze schmuggeln
    11. (not heed)
    to \run a blockade eine Blockade durchbrechen
    to \run a red light eine rote Ampel überfahren
    12. (incur)
    to \run a risk ein Risiko eingehen
    you \run the risk when gambling of losing your entire stake wenn du spielst, riskierst du, deinen gesamten Einsatz zu verlieren
    13. (perform small tasks)
    to \run errands [for sb] [für jdn] Botengänge machen
    14.
    ▶ to \run sb/sth close nur knapp von jdm/etw geschlagen werden
    ▶ to let sth \run its course etw seinen Lauf nehmen lassen
    ▶ to \run sb to earth [or ground] jdn aufspüren
    ▶ to \run one's eye over sth etw überfliegen
    ▶ to be \run off one's feet alle Hände voll zu tun haben fam
    ▶ to \run a fever [or temperature] Fieber haben
    ▶ to \run oneself into the ground sich akk völlig verausgaben
    ▶ to \run a mile BRIT sich akk aus dem Staub machen fam
    ▶ to \run sb ragged jdn schaffen fam
    ▶ to \run the show verantwortlich sein
    * * *
    run [rʌn]
    A s
    1. a) Lauf m (auch fig):
    in the long run auf die Dauer, auf lange Sicht, langfristig;
    in the short run auf kurze Sicht, kurzfristig;
    go for ( oder take) a run einen Lauf machen;
    make a run for it sich aus dem Staub machen fig;
    make a run for the door zur Tür rennen
    b) SPORT Lauf m, Durchgang m (eines Slaloms etc)
    2. Laufen n, Rennen n:
    a) (immer) auf Trab sein umg,
    b) auf der Flucht sein ( from the police vor der Polizei);
    keep sb on the run jemanden in Trab halten umg;
    shoot on the run (Fußball) aus vollem Lauf schießen;
    give sb a (good) run for their money es jemandem nicht leicht machen;
    this car gives you a (good) run for your money dieser Wagen ist sein Geld wert;
    he’s had a (good) run for his money er ist auf seine Kosten gekommen, er kann sich nicht beklagen
    3. Laufschritt m:
    at a run im Laufschritt;
    go off at a run davonlaufen
    4. Anlauf m:
    take a run (einen) Anlauf nehmen
    5. SCHIFF, AUTO Fahrt f
    6. oft short run Spazierfahrt f:
    go for a run in the car eine Spazierfahrt machen
    7. Abstecher m, Ausflug m ( beide:
    to nach)
    8. Reiten: schneller Galopp
    9. JAGD Hatz f
    10. besonders WIRTSCH Ansturm m, Run m ( beide:
    on auf eine Bank, Eintrittskarten etc), stürmische Nachfrage (on nach einer Ware)
    11. (Laich)Wanderung f (der Fische)
    12. MUS Lauf m
    13. US (kleiner) Wasserlauf
    14. US Laufmasche f
    15. (Ver)Lauf m, Fortgang m:
    run of the play SPORT Spielverlauf;
    be against the run of the play SPORT den Spielverlauf auf den Kopf stellen
    16. Verlauf m:
    17. a) Tendenz f
    b) Mode f
    18. ( auch SPORT Erfolgs-, Treffer)Serie f, Folge f, Reihe f:
    a run of bad (good) luck eine Pechsträhne (eine Glückssträhne, ein Lauf);
    a run of good weather eine Schönwetterperiode;
    a run of wins eine Siegesserie
    19. Kartenspiel: Sequenz f
    20. Auflage f (einer Zeitung etc)
    21. TECH Herstellungsmaße pl, -größe f, (Rohr- etc) Länge f, (Betriebs) Leistung f, Ausstoß m:
    a) Fördererz n,
    b) Rohkohle f
    22. Bergbau: Ader f
    23. TECH
    a) Durchlauf m (eines Beschickungsguts)
    b) Charge f, (Beschickungs)Menge f
    24. TECH
    a) Arbeitsperiode f, Gang m
    b) IT (Durch)Lauf m
    c) Bedienung f (einer Maschine etc)
    25. THEAT, FILM Lauf-, Spielzeit f:
    the play had a run of 44 nights das Stück wurde 44-mal hintereinander gegeben;
    the film had a run of six months ( oder a six-month run) der Film lief ein halbes Jahr
    26. (auch Amts) Dauer f, (-)Zeit f:
    run of validity Gültigkeitsdauer
    27. a) Strecke f
    b) FLUG Rollstrecke f
    c) SCHIFF Etmal n (vom Schiff in 24 Stunden zurückgelegte Strecke)
    28. give sb the run of sth jemandem etwas zur Verfügung stellen;
    have the run of sth etwas zur freien Verfügung haben;
    he has given me ( oder I have) the run of his library ich kann jederzeit seine Bibliothek benutzen
    29. besonders Br
    a) Weide f, Trift f
    b) Auslauf m, (Hühner) Hof m
    30. a) JAGD Wechsel m, (Wild)Bahn f
    b) Maulwurfsgang m, Kaninchenröhre f
    31. SPORT
    a) (Bob-, Rodel) Bahn f
    b) (Ski) Hang m
    32. TECH
    a) Bahn f
    b) Laufschiene f, -planke f
    33. TECH Rinne f, Kanal m
    34. TECH Mühl-, Mahlgang m
    35. Art f, Sorte f ( auch WIRTSCH)
    36. meist common ( oder general) run Durchschnitt m, (die) breite Masse:
    the common run of mankind der Durchschnittsmensch
    37. a) Herde f
    b) Schwarm m (Fische)
    38. SCHIFF (Achter-, Vor) Piek f
    39. Länge f, Ausdehnung f
    40. the runs pl auch als sg konstruiert) umg Dünnpfiff m (Durchfall)
    B adj
    1. geschmolzen
    2. gegossen, geformt:
    run with lead mit Blei ausgegossen
    C v/i prät ran [ræn], pperf run
    1. laufen, rennen, eilen, stürzen:
    run round one’s backhand (Tennis etc) seine Rückhand umlaufen
    2. davonlaufen ( from vor dat), Reißaus nehmen umg
    3. SPORT
    a) (um die Wette) laufen
    b) (an einem Lauf oder Rennen) teilnehmen
    c) als Zweiter etc einkommen:
    he ran second er wurde oder war Zweiter
    a) POL kandidieren (für)
    b) umg sich bemühen (um):
    run for election kandidieren, sich zur Wahl stellen
    5. fig laufen (Blick, Feuer, Finger, Schauer etc):
    his eyes ran over it sein Blick überflog es;
    run back over the past Rückschau halten;
    this tune (idea) keeps running through my head diese Melodie (Idee) geht mir nicht aus dem Kopf
    6. fahren:
    run before the wind vor dem Winde segeln; → ashore
    7. gleiten (Schlitten etc), ziehen, wandern (Wolken etc):
    let the skis run die Skier laufen lassen
    8. zu den Laichplätzen ziehen oder wandern (Fische)
    9. BAHN etc verkehren, (auf einer Strecke) fahren, gehen
    10. fließen, strömen (beide auch fig), rinnen:
    it runs in the family fig das liegt bei ihnen etc in der Familie; → blood A 1, A 4
    11. lauten (Schriftstück):
    12. gehen (Melodie)
    13. vergehen, -streichen (Zeit etc)
    14. dauern:
    15. laufen (Theaterstück etc), gegeben werden
    16. verlaufen (Straße etc, auch Vorgang), sich erstrecken, gehen, führen (Weg etc):
    my talent (taste) does not run that way dafür habe ich keine Begabung (keinen Sinn)
    17. TECH laufen:
    a) gleiten:
    b) in Betrieb oder Gang sein, arbeiten (Maschine, Motor etc), gehen (Uhr, Mechanismus etc), funktionieren:
    run hot (sich) heiß laufen;
    with the engine running mit laufendem Motor
    18. in Betrieb sein (Hotel, Fabrik etc)
    19. zer-, auslaufen (Farbe)
    20. triefen oder tropfen ( with vor Nässe etc), fließen, laufen (Nase), tränen (Augen):
    run with tears in Tränen schwimmen
    21. auslaufen (Gefäß)
    22. schmelzen (Metall etc):
    running ice tauendes Eis
    23. MED laufen, eitern
    a) wachsen, wuchern,
    b) klettern, ranken
    25. fluten, wogen:
    a heavy sea was running SCHIFF es lief eine schwere See
    26. besonders US laufen, fallen (Maschen), Laufmaschen bekommen (Strumpf etc), aufgehen (Naht)
    27. WIRTSCH
    a) laufen
    b) fällig werden (Wechsel etc)
    28. JUR gelten, in Kraft sein oder bleiben, laufen:
    the lease runs for 7 years der Pachtvertrag läuft auf 7 Jahre
    29. JUR verbunden oder gekoppelt sein ( with mit)
    30. (mit adj und s) werden, sein:
    a) versiegen (Quelle),
    b) austrocknen,
    c) keine Milch mehr geben (Kuh),
    d) fig erschöpft sein,
    e) fig sich ausgeschrieben haben (Autor); → high B 1, low1 A 5, riot A 4, short A 5, A 8, wild B
    31. WIRTSCH stehen auf (dat) (Preis, Ware)
    32. klein etc ausfallen:
    D v/t
    1. einen Weg etc laufen, einschlagen, eine Strecke etc durchlaufen (auch fig), zurücklegen:
    run its course fig seinen Verlauf nehmen;
    things must run their course man muss den Dingen ihren Lauf lassen
    2. fahren ( auch SCHIFF), eine Strecke be-, durchfahren:
    run 22 knots SCHIFF mit 22 Knoten fahren
    3. ein Rennen austragen, laufen, einen Wettlauf machen:
    run races Wettrennen veranstalten
    4. um die Wette laufen mit, laufen gegen
    5. fig sich messen mit:
    run sb close dicht herankommen an jemanden (a. fig)
    a) treiben, hetzen
    b) laufen lassen, (für ein Rennen auch) melden
    7. POL jemanden als Kandidaten aufstellen ( for für)
    8. JAGD jagen, eine Spur verfolgen (auch fig):
    a) einen Fuchs im Bau aufstöbern, bis in seinen Bau verfolgen,
    b) fig jemanden, etwas aufstöbern, ausfindig machen
    9. Botengänge, Besorgungen machen, Botschaften überbringen
    10. entfliehen (dat):
    run the country außer Landes flüchten
    11. passieren:
    run the guard ungesehen durch die Wache kommen; → blockade A 1
    12. Vieh
    a) treiben
    b) weiden lassen
    13. SCHIFF, BAHN etc fahren oder verkehren lassen, einen Sonderzug etc einsetzen
    14. befördern, transportieren
    15. Alkohol etc schmuggeln
    16. seine Finger etc laufen oder gleiten lassen ( over über akk):
    run one’s comb through one’s hair (sich) mit dem Kamm durchs Haar fahren
    17. TECH laufen oder rollen oder gleiten lassen
    18. einen Film laufen lassen
    19. eine Artikelserie etc veröffentlichen, bringen
    20. TECH eine Maschine etc laufen lassen, bedienen
    21. einen Betrieb etc verwalten, führen, leiten, ein Geschäft, eine Fabrik etc betreiben:
    run the household den Haushalt führen oder schmeißen; → show A 15
    22. hineingeraten (lassen) in (akk):
    run debts Schulden machen;
    run the danger of (ger) Gefahr laufen zu (inf); → risk A 1
    23. geben, fließen lassen, Wasser etc führen (Leitung):
    this faucet runs hot water aus diesem Hahn kommt heißes Wasser
    24. Gold etc (mit sich) führen (Fluss)
    25. Fieber, Temperatur haben
    26. a) Metall schmelzen
    b) verschmelzen
    c) Blei etc gießen
    27. stoßen, stechen ( beide:
    through durch): → run into B 1
    28. eine Linie, einen Graben etc ziehen, eine Straße etc anlegen, eine Brücke schlagen
    29. Bergbau: eine Strecke treiben
    30. ELEK eine Leitung verlegen, führen
    31. ein Bad, das Badewasser einlaufen lassen
    32. schieben, führen ( beide:
    through durch): → run into B 2
    33. (bei Spielen) eine bestimmte Punktzahl etc hintereinander erzielen:
    run fifteen auf fünfzehn (Punkte etc) kommen
    34. eine Schleuse öffnen:
    run dry leerlaufen lassen
    35. eine Naht etc mit Vorderstich nähen, heften
    36. jemanden belangen ( for wegen)
    * * *
    1. noun
    1) Lauf, der

    make a late run — (Sport or fig.) zum Endspurt ansetzen

    come towards somebody/start off at a run — jemandem entgegenlaufen/losrennen

    2) (trip in vehicle) Fahrt, die; (for pleasure) Ausflug, der

    go for a run [in the car] — einen [Auto]ausflug machen

    3)

    she has had a long run of success — sie war lange [Zeit] erfolgreich

    have a long run — [Stück, Show:] viele Aufführungen erleben

    4) (succession) Serie, die; (Cards) Sequenz, die
    5) (tendency) Ablauf, der

    the general run of things/events — der Lauf der Dinge/der Gang der Ereignisse

    6) (regular route) Strecke, die
    7) (Cricket, Baseball) Lauf, der; Run, der

    production run — Ausstoß, der (Wirtsch.)

    9) (demand) Run, der (on auf + Akk.)
    10)

    the runs — (coll.): (diarrhoea) Durchmarsch, der (salopp)

    12) (animal enclosure) Auslauf, der
    2. intransitive verb,
    -nn-, ran, run
    1) laufen; (fast also) rennen

    run for the bus — laufen od. rennen, um den Bus zu kriegen (ugs.)

    2) (compete) laufen
    3) (hurry) laufen

    don't run to me when things go wrong — komm mir nicht angelaufen, wenn etwas schiefgeht (ugs.)

    4) (roll) laufen; [Ball, Kugel:] rollen, laufen
    5) (slide) laufen; [Schlitten, [Schiebe]tür:] gleiten
    6) (revolve) [Rad, Maschine:] laufen
    7) (flee) davonlaufen

    run between two places — [Zug, Bus:] zwischen zwei Orten verkehren

    run through one's head or mind — [Gedanken, Ideen:] einem durch den Kopf gehen

    10) (flow) laufen; [Fluss:] fließen

    run dry — [Fluss:] austrocknen; [Quelle:] versiegen

    run low or short — knapp werden; ausgehen

    11) (be current) [Vertrag, Theaterstück:] laufen
    12) (be present)

    run in the family — [Eigenschaft, Begabung:] in der Familie liegen

    13) (function) laufen

    keep/leave the engine running — den Motor laufen lassen/nicht abstellen

    the machine runs on batteries/oil — etc. die Maschine läuft mit Batterien/Öl usw.

    14) (have a course) [Straße, Bahnlinie:] verlaufen
    15) (have wording) lauten; [Geschichte:] gehen (fig.)

    inflation is running at 15 % — die Inflationsrate beläuft sich auf od. beträgt 15 %

    17) (seek election) kandidieren

    a shiver ran down my spine — ein Schau[d]er (geh.) lief mir den Rücken hinunter

    19) (spread undesirably) [Butter, Eis:] zerlaufen; (in washing) [Farben:] auslaufen
    20) (ladder) [Strumpf:] Laufmaschen bekommen
    3. transitive verb,
    -nn-, ran, run
    1) (cause to move) laufen lassen; (drive) fahren

    run one's hand/fingers through/along or over something — mit der Hand/den Fingern durch etwas fahren/über etwas (Akk.) streichen

    run an or one's eye along or down or over something — (fig.) etwas überfliegen

    2) (cause to flow) [ein]laufen lassen
    3) (organize, manage) führen, leiten [Geschäft usw.]; durchführen [Experiment]; veranstalten [Wettbewerb]; führen [Leben]
    4) (operate) bedienen [Maschine]; verkehren lassen [Verkehrsmittel]; einsetzen [Sonderbus, -zug]; laufen lassen [Motor]; abspielen [Tonband]

    run forward/back — vorwärts-/zurückspulen [Film, Tonband]

    5) (own and use) sich (Dat.) halten [Auto]

    I'll run you into town — ich fahre od. bringe dich in die Stadt

    7) (pursue) jagen

    run somebody hard or close — jemandem auf den Fersen sein od. sitzen (ugs.)

    be run off one's feet — alle Hände voll zu tun haben (ugs.); (in business) Hochbetrieb haben (ugs.); see also earth 1. 4)

    8) (complete) laufen [Rennen, Marathon, Strecke]

    run messages/errands — Botengänge machen

    9)

    run a fever/a temperature — Fieber/erhöhte Temperatur haben

    10) (publish) bringen (ugs.) [Bericht, Artikel usw.]
    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    (of a ladder) n.
    Leitersprosse f. n.
    Fahrt -en f.
    Lauf -e m.
    Laufmasche f. v.
    (§ p.,p.p.: ran, run)
    = laufen v.
    (§ p.,pp.: lief, ist gelaufen)
    rennen v.
    (§ p.,pp.: rannte, ist gerannt)

    English-german dictionary > run

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